《英语口译》Ex-Education.doc

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《英语口译》（WXL） Ex.－Education

〔汉译英－1〕
教育，是现代化国家的基石。// 国家的发展最终要靠提高全人类的素质。// 我们已经在全国建立了巩固和普及义务制教育，大力发展职业教育和努力提高高等教育的格局。// 在这里，我特别想强调一下平民教育，因为世界上绝大多数人都是平民。// 平民的素质关系到一个国家整体国民的素质（国民的整体素质）。我们有13亿人口，9亿农民，平民的比重更高。// 我们之所以把义务教育和职业教育放在重要的位置，就是要使教育成为面向平民的教育，从而使人人能受到教育。

〔汉译英－2〕
中国教育有四大组成部分——基础教育、职业技术教育、高等教育和成人教育。// 基础教育包括幼儿园、小学和中学。// 职业技术教育包括各类技术学校、职业中学以及短期职业技术培训。// 高等教育指专科、本科、研究生等高等学历层次的教育。// 成人教育包括扫盲和以成人为教育对象的学校教育和其他形式的教育。——

〔参考译文－汉译英－1〕
Education is the bedrock of a modernized country. // At the end of the day, the country’s development will rely on the improvement of the competence of its population. // We have already established the education system throughout the country that focuses on the universalization and consolidation of compulsory education, the development of occupational education and improvement of higher education. // Here, I would like to give the stress and the importance to the education for the general public. Most of the people in this world are ordinary people and belong to the general public.// I think the competence of the general public is a direct reflection of the overall competence of the country. // China is a country with a population of 1.3 billion and 900 million of the Chinese people live in the countryside. // So we have even a bigger proportion of our people receiving ordinary education. // The very reason why we put much emphasis on the compulsory education and occupational education is that we would like to make this education oriented to the general public so that everyone in this country can receive education.

〔参考译文－汉译英－2〕
There are four major types of education in China, namely, basic education, vocational and technical education, higher education and adult education. // Basic education refers to education at kindergartens, primary schools and middle schools. // Vocational education consists of various kinds of technical schools, vocational secondary schools and short-term vocational and technical training courses. // Higher education refers to short two-to three-year higher education programs, four-year undergraduate education, and graduate education. // Adult education includes literacy classes, school education and other forms of education provided for adults.

〔英译汉-1〕
Harvard University was a product of the Puritans who settled here in 1630 or so. Of a total population of perhaps 15,000 or 20,000, there 130 Oxford and Cambridge graduates among the settlers, which is one to every 30 or 35 families, far in excess of what situation was in England. So, these educated Puritans pressured their local government to found a school for their sons, which it did in 1636. Because a Puritan named John Harvard bequeathed his library to the school, the school was named after him.
For many years, the college was a very small institution, and its prospects of survival were –especially financially –very slim. But it survived those terrible years in the 1640s and 1650s, and, by the end of the century, it was well established, and its degrees were recognized by Oxford and Cambridge.
In the years since then, Harvard, more than any other American university, has enjoyed remarkable financial support from its dedicated alumni. Without doubt, Harvard University in Massachusetts is the oldest university in the United States.

〔英译汉-2〕
In the English educational system, students take three very important examinations. // The first is the eleven-plus, which is taken at the age of eleven or a little past. At one time the ability or aptitude shown on the eleven-plus would have determined if a child stayed in school. Now, however, all children continue in “comprehensive” schools, and the eleven-plus determined which courses of study the child will follow. // At the age of fifteen or sixteen, the students are tested for the Ordinary Level of the General Certificate of Education. This examination covers a wide range of subjects; once students have passed this exam, they are allowed to specialize, so that two-thirds or more of their courses will be in physics, chemistry, classical languages, or whatever they wish to study at greater length.// The final examination, at eighteen, covers only the content of the special subjects. Even at the universities, students study only in their concentrated area, and very few students ever venture outside that subject again; in a real sense, the English boy or girl is a specialist from the age of fifteen

〔参考译文－英译汉-1〕
哈佛大学是1630年左右在这里定居的清教徒的产物。在总数约为15000～20000人的移民中，有130名牛津大学和剑桥大学的毕业生，即每30～35户人家中就有一名，这远远超过当时英国的平均水平。于是，这些受过教育的清教徒就对当地政府施加压力，要求为自己的子弟办一所学校。1636年，他们的愿望得以实现。由于一位名叫约翰 哈佛的清教徒把自己的图书馆藏书遗赠给该校，学校就以他的名字命名。// 此后很多年里，这所大学规模很小，它存在下去的前景很渺茫，尤其是经费方面。但是它度过了十七世纪40年代和50年代那些可怕的岁月生存下来。到了17世纪末，它已牢固地站稳了脚跟，所授学位被牛津大学和剑桥大学承认。// 自那时以来，哈佛大学一直得到忠心耿耿的校友所奉献的巨大财政支持，在这方面超过了其他任何一所美国大学。毫无疑问，位于马萨诸塞州的哈佛大学是美国最古老的大学。

〔参考译文－英译汉-2〕
在英国的教育制度中，学生要参加三次非常重要的考试。// 第一次是11岁少年中学入学考试，这种考试专为11岁或者比11岁稍大的学生举行。过去，在这次考试中显示出的才能或能力曾一度决定一个学生能否继续上学。然而现在，所有的孩子都要在综合学校继续学习，所以这次考试只是决定他们将要学习那些课程。// 在15、16岁的时候，学生要参加另一次考试来获得普通等级考试证书。这次考试涉及的科目很广，学生们一旦通过这次考试，就选择自己的专业学习方向。这些专业方向课程的三分之二或更多是物理、化学、古典语言，或者是他们自己最想学习的课程。// 学生在18岁时将参加最后一次考试，其内容只包括专业课程。在英国的大学里，学生只研究他们的专业，很少冒险去学习专业以外的课程。不夸张地说，英国的男孩、女孩从15岁起就已经有“行业专攻”了。

〔教育－Words and Expressions〕
中华人民共和国教育部 Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China
初等教育 primary education
中等教育 secondary education
高等教育 higher education

普及九年制义务教育 to make the nine-year compulsory education universal
扫盲 to eliminate illiteracy
升学率 proportion of students entering higher schools
注册人数 enrollment
辍学青少年 school drop-out

学分制 credit system
双学士制 a double BA degree system
主副修制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field
毕业论文 thesis; dissertation
论文导师 supervisor
毕业证书 diploma; graduation certificate
结业证书 Certificate of Completion
肄业证书 Certificate of Completion / Incompletion / Attendance / Study
毕业鉴定 graduation appraisal
授予某人学位 to confer a degree on sb.
学士 bachelor
硕士 master
准博士 all but dissertation (ABD)
博士 doctor
博士后 post doctorate
成绩单 school report; report card; transcript
升级 to be promoted to a higher grade
留级 to repeat the year’s work; to stay down
补考 make-up examination
考勤 check roll
休学 schooling suspension
开除学籍 expulsion from school

奖学金 scholarship
领取助学金的学生 a grant-aided student
勤工助学 work-study

重点学科 key disciplinary areas of priority fields of study
民办学校 schools run by non-governmental resources
希望工程 Project Hope
在职培训 in-service training
进修班 refresher course
速成班 crash course
自学成才 to become educated through independent study
自学考试 self-taught examination

专业课 specialized course
必修课 compulsory course; required course
公开课 open class
基础课 basic course
听课 to visit a class; to sit in on a class; to attend a lecture
课堂讨论 class discussion

走读生 day student
自费生 commoner
寄宿生 boarder
旁听生 guest student（英）/ auditor（美）
留学生 international student
研究生 graduate student

高等院校 institution of higher education
教职员 teaching and administrative staff
教学人员 the faculty; teaching staff
教授 professor
副教授 associate professor
客座教授 guest professor
讲师 lecturer
助教 teaching assistant
专职教师 full-time teacher
兼职教师 part-time teacher
辅导员 assistant for political and ideological work
教研室 teaching and research section / group

母校 Alma Mater
校友 alumnus; alumna
学生会 students’ union / association

教育方针 education policy
爱国主义教育 education in patriotism
集体主义教育 education in collectivism
国际主义教育 education in internationalism
共产主义教育 education in communism
政治思想教育 political and ideological education
面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来 be oriented to modernization, the world and the future
德智体美全面发展 to develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically
品学兼优 excellent in character and learning
德才兼备 to combine character with ability
复合型人才 inter-disciplinary talent
教书育人 to educate a person as well as inform book knowledge
因材施教 individualized instruction

教育、科技和人才，是国家强盛、民族振兴的基石，也是综合国力的核心。优先发展教育事业。强国必先强教。只有一流的教育，才能培养一流人才，建设一流国家。// 我们要着重抓好五个方面：一是推进教育改革。二是促进义务教育的均衡发展。三是继续加强职业教育。四是推进高等学校管理体制和招生制度改革。五是加强教师队伍建设。// 教育寄托者亿万家庭对美好生活的期盼，关系着民族素质和国家未来。不普及和提高教育，国家不可能强盛。这个道理我们要永远铭记。
（《政府工作报告》――第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议 2010年3月5日）

Education, science and human resources are the cornerstones of national prosperity and rejuvenation, and are also the core of overall national strength. We will give high priority to the development of education. For a country to become strong, it must first strengthen education. First-class education is a prerequisite for cultivating high-caliber personnel and building a great country. // We will focus on the following five areas. First, we will advance education reform. // Second,we will promote the balanced development of compulsory education. Third, we will continue to strengthen vocational education. Fourth, we will reform the management and admissions systems of institutions of higher education. Five, we will improve the ranks of our teachers. // Hundreds of millions of families place their hopes for a better life on education, and education has a direct bearing on the quality of the nation and the future of the country. A country cannot become strong and prosperous if it does not make education universal and improve its quality. We must always keep this in mind.
( Report on the Work of the Government
–delivered at the Third Session of the Eleventh National People’s Congress, on March 5, 2010)