Hedgesandmodality.pptx

HedgesandModalityContents010203Hedge(Definition,Classification)Modality(Definition,Classification)PragmaticFunctionsofHedgeandModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.1G.Lakoff(1972)defineshedgessomeofthemostinterestingquestionsareraisedbythestudyofwordswhosemeaningimplicitlyinvolvesfuzzinesswordswhosejobistomake things fuzzier or less fuzzy.BrownandLevinson(1987:56):aparticle,wordorphrasethatmodifiesthedegreeofmembershipofapredicateoranounphraseinaset”.Holmesdefineshedgesasdevicesforattenuatingthestrengthofutterance(1982a)andasapartofepistemicmodality(1982b,1984).Hedgescouldbeverbs,adjectives,adverbs,andsoon.Andallthesehedgesexpressmeaningsofunclear or fuzzy.Definition of HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2(1)Approximators(变动型模糊限制语变动型模糊限制语)Approximatorsaremainlysuchexpressionsaskindof,sortof,about,etc.whichactonmakingmeaningfuzzierorimprecise.Approximatorscanbesubdividedintotwotypes:Adaptors（程度变动语）Rounders(范围变动语)(7)Imkind of gladthatIdidntwin.(8)Westayedthereforalmostaweek.(9)Hisfeetweresort of blue.Classification of HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2（2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语）（缓和性模糊限制语）Shieldsdonotreflectthetruthconditionofthepropositionalcontentbutreflectthedegree of the speakers commitment to the truth value ofthewholepropositionconveyed.Shieldsarealsosubdividedintotwotypes:plausibilityshields（直接缓和语）andattributionshields.（间接缓和语）Classification of HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Adaptors（程度变动语）（程度变动语）Adaptorsisthattheycanmodifyorrevisethedegreeofanutterance.eg：kindof,sortof,alittlebit,some,somewhat,almost,tosomeextent,moreorless,quite,really,entirely,etc 1.2.1Types of approximatorsWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2.1Types of approximatorsRounders(范围变动语范围变动语)Roundersrefertothosethatcanbringachangeable range ofunderstandingtoanutterance.roughly,about,around,approximately,nearly,perhaps,morethan,essentially,oversomethingbetweenXandY,etc(11)Thereareabout40peopleinthishall.(12)ItsalwaysaroundfouroclockwhenIgotothedentist.(13)Thebuildingisabout somethingbetweenfiftyandsixtymetershigh.(14)Theladywhoisinchargeofthecompanyisapproximately50yearsold.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2.2Type of shields（2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语）（缓和性模糊限制语）Shieldsdonotreflectthetruthconditionofthepropositionalcontentbutreflectthedegreeofthespeakerscommitmenttothetruthvalueofthewholepropositionconveyed.Shieldsarealsosubdividedintotwotypes:plausibilityshields（直接缓和语）andattributionshields.（间接缓和语）We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Plausibility（直接缓和语）Plausibilityshieldsrefertosubject-predicate structure or adverbs whichindicatedifferentdegreesofuncertainty onthepartofthespeaker,whichcandirectlyexpressthespeakersguessworkordoubtfulattitudetoanutterancee.g.Ithink,Isuppose,Iamafraid,Iwonder,asfarasIcantell,hardtosay,seem,probably(15)Probably youarewrong.(16)I suppose theywillgetmarried.(17)I believe heishonest.(18)And I think wecanprobablyjustfinishtheworkbeforeevening.1.2.2 Type of shieldsWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2.3Type of shieldsAttributions（间接缓和语）refertowordsorphraseswhichexpresstheattitude of guess or doubtthatisexpressednotbythespeakerbutbyathirdperson,althoughthespeakerhasthesamethought.e.g.Itssaidthat,asiswellknown,thepossibilitywouldbe,someonesaysthat.,accordingtosomebody,etc.(19)According to my mother，ourplantovisittheGreatWallhasbeencanceled.(20)Its said that onlyasix-month-babysurvivedthatcaraccident.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Conclusion of hedgesHedgeApproximatorAdaptorsRoundersShieldsPlausibilityAttributionsWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%2.1Various distinction of modalityVon Wright（1979）alethic modality；epistemic modality;deontic modalityHallidy(1970)modality,modulitionLyons(1995)epistemicmodality;deonticmodality;Palmer(1979,2000)epistemicmodality;deonticmodality;dynamicmodalityCoates(1983)epistemicmodality;rootmodalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%TheINTERPERSONALFUNCTIONembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocial and personal relations.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.(Huzhuanglin,2006:313)Interpersonal function isrealizedbyMood and Modality.2.2 Interpersonal We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Halliday(1970)believesthatmodalityisrelatedjustto“thoselinguisticitemswhichareconcernedwiththeassessmentof probability and possibility.”Halliday(1994:362)把情态情态定义为说话人对命题的有效性和提议的对与错的态度，涵盖“是”与“否”之间的意义领域。他认为，情态系统包括情态化情态化(modalization)和意态意态(modulation)两个子系统。情态化指在以交换信息为语义功能的命题(proposition)中，说话人对命题可能性和经常性的判断，包括可能可能性性(probability)和经常性经常性(usuality);意态指在以交换物品或服务为语义功能的提议句(proposal)中，说话人对提议的态度，包括义务义务(obligation)和意愿和意愿(willingness)(Halliday1994:89)。2.2ModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%2.2.1Classification of modalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Modalization:relatestohowthevalidinformationisbeingpresented,andcoversthescaleofintermsofprobability(possible；probable；certain)and usuality(sometimes；usually；always).e.g:Thechildmight behersSheoftenwentthere.2.2.1.1ModalizationWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%2.2.1.2ModulationModulation:relatestohowconfidentthespeakercanappeartobeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange,anditincludesthedegreeofobligation(allowed-supposed-required)andtheinclination(willing-keen-determined).e.g:Youshouldgonow.Iwillgiveyouahand.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Tommustbeatschool(meanprobability,realizemodalization)Tommustgotoschool(meanobligation,realizemodulation)Tomwillgotoschool(meaninclination,realizemodulationTommaybeatschool(meanusuality,realizemodalization)2.2.1.3Which kinds of modality?We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Epistemic modality（认认知知情情态态）:concerned with the speakers knowledge,belieforattitudetowardsthetruth/falsityoftheproposition.Anepistemicmodalshowsthespeakersjudgmentofthevarious degrees of certainty tothefactuality of a proposition.Thejudgmentisaboutwhatoutthereintheexternalworld.MH370musthavecrashed.MH370mighthaveshotdown.Weakstrongmightmaycouldcanshouldoughttowouldwillmust2.2.2Epistemic vs deonticWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Deontic modality（道义情态）（道义情态）:concernedwiththespeakersattitudetosocialfactorsofobligation,responsibility,and permission.Itisforcaseswherecircumstancesofintherealworldmakepossibleornecessarytheactualizationofastateofaffairs.Italsosignalsaspeakersjudgmentbutitisabouthow people should act or behave in the real world.Usuallycommunicatestwotypesofsocialinformationobligationandpermission2.2.2Epistemic vs deonticWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%AnotherstandardclassificationproposedbyHoffmann(1966).Accordingtohim,modalitycouldbedividedintotwomaincategories:epistemicmodalityandrootmodality.Epistemicsdealswithpossibilitiesthatfollowfromthespeakersknowledge,whereasrootsdealwithpossibilitiesthatfollowfromthecircumstancessurroundingthemaineventanditsparticipants.2.2.3 epistemic modality vs root modality2.2.3 epistemic modality vs root modalityEpistemicsaretakentobespeaker-oriented,becausetheyareaboutaspeakersevaluationorjudgmentof,orbeliefoftheknowledgesuchaslikely,necessary,probable,etc.whilerootsaresubject-oriented likecan,could,must,andhaveto(Bybee,Perkins&Pagliuca1994).Forexample:(25)JanecannotreadHarryPotter.root(26)Janecould robabankamonthago.root(27)ItisnotlikelythatJaneisreadingHarryPotter.epistemic(28)Itislikely/necessary/probable thatJanerobbedabankamonthago.epistemicWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%(1)Hedgeandmodalitycouldbeusedtocover the speakers ignorance or insufficient knowledge insomeaspect.Forexample:A:Whatsthematterwithyou?B:Im afraid Ivegotastomachache.Bdoesntknowforsurewhatiswrongactually.ImafraidhereisusedashedgetosoftenBsignoranceorlackofknowledgeinmedicine.3.Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and ModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%(2)TheemploymentofhedgesandmodalitiesfollowstheCo-operative Principle,especiallymeetsthemaximoftobepolite.Forexample:A:Im wondering ifIcoulduseyourcarthisafternoon?B:Noproblem.A:Tomsaidthatweshould giveuptheplan.B:In a sense hewasright.3.Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and ModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%3.Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and Modality(3)Hedgeandmodalityarealsooftenusedtoreduce the responsibility ofthespeakerincasethereisanythingwronginhisprescription.Forinstance,inadve