埃及大事年表.doc

古埃及大事年表（Ancient Egyptian Timeline）
公元前5000年 尼罗河三角洲出现最早的定居者
5000 BC First evidence of people settling along the Nile Delta
公元前4500-前4000年 巴达里文化：百姓从事农耕，饲养绵羊和山羊，制作陶器
4400 - 4000 BC Babarian culture: people practiced agriculture and domesticated sheep and goats, and made pottery
公元前4000-前3500年上埃及阿姆拉社会：第一个等级文明
4000 - 3500 BC Amratian Society of Upper Egypt - first signs of hierarchical civilization
公元前3200年发明象形文字
3200 BC Hieroglyphics developed
公元前3080年那尔迈统一上下埃及，定都孟菲斯
3080 BC Menes joined Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom with the capitol at Memphis
公元前3000年水利灌溉增加农作物产量，百姓开始太阳崇拜
3000 BC Irrigation increased farmland, people worship the sun
公元前3000-前2890年第1王朝的国王葬于阿拜多斯的第一批皇陵中
3000 - 2890 BC 1st Dynasty kings buried in first royal tombs at Abydos
第1王朝建立都城孟菲斯，发明纸草纸。政府使用文字。考古挖掘出公元前3080-前2890年该时期许多古物。
1st Dynasty (3080 - 2890) During this time the capital at Memphis was founded. Papyrus was invented. Writing was used by the government. Many impressive artifacts have been found from this period
公元前2890-前2686年木棺出现，使用树脂包裹遗体
2890 - 2686 BC Wooden coffins and corpses wrapped in resin
第2王朝经过激烈的争夺王位斗争，亥特普塞海姆威获胜。此时，国公元前2890‐前2686年 王与当时的主神荷鲁斯和塞特联系不稳定。在哈塞海姆威当
政时期，与主神荷鲁斯和塞特的关系最终确定下来。他采用了双重王衔。该王朝末期，秩序大乱，可能爆发了内战。
2nd Dynasty (2890‐2686) After much rivalry for the throne Hetepsekhemsy won. At this time the kings disagreed over which god, Horus and Seth, was in power. This was finally settled when Khasekhemwy became ruler. He took both titles. Disorder erupted during the end of
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this dynasty. There could have been a civil war
第3王朝
公元前2686-前2613年
3rd Dynasty (2686-2613)
公元前2686-前2648年左塞王在萨卡拉修建阶梯金字塔
2686 - 2648 BC Step Pyramid at Saqqara built by King Djoser
第4王朝该王朝时期，国家太平。国王可以把精力投入到艺术领域。公元前2613-前2494年吉萨的胡夫大金字塔被修建。百姓向太阳神拉做礼拜。最早
的宗教咒语，被刻写在皇陵的墙壁上。
4th Dynasty (2613-2494) During this dynasty there was a great peace. The kings were able to put their energies in art. King Khufu's Great Pyramid of Giza was built. People prayed to the sun god Re. The first religious words were written on the walls of the royal tombs
公元前2589-2515 胡夫（齐奥普斯）、哈夫拉（塞福林）和孟卡拉修建大金字塔。
2589 - 2515 BC Khufu (Cheops), Khephren (Chephren), and Menkare build great pyramids
第5王朝高级官员首次来自王室之外。金字塔开始变得更小，更加不公元前2494-前2345年牢固。但是，神庙中的装饰的质量很高。考古发现这个时代
的纸草卷，这些纸草卷记载了物品的保存情况。
5th Dynasty (2494-2345) For the first time high officials came from people outside of the royal family. The pyramids begin to be smaller and less solid. However, the carvings in the temples were of great quality. Papyrus scrolls from this time have been discovered. They showed record keeping of goods
公元前2494-前2487年乌塞尔卡夫王在阿布希尔为太阳神拉修建神庙
2494 - 2487 BC King Userkaf builds temple for sun god Ra at Abusir
第6王朝考古发现了该时期许多商业远征记载
公元前2345-前2181年
6th Dynasty (2345-2181) Many records of trading expeditions have been discovered from this period
公元前2332-前2175年帕辟一世和帕辟二世的统治，政府衰弱
2420 - 2258 BC Pepi I and Pepi II rule: government weakens
第7、8王朝古王国的政治机构崩溃。出现了饥荒、内乱，尸横遍野
公元前2181-前2160年
7th and 8th Dynasties(2181-2160) The political structure of the Old Kingdom collapsed. There
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was famine, civil disorder, and a high death rate
第9、10王朝埃及南北分裂，北方由赫拉克利奥坡里斯的君主统治，南方公元前2160-前2040年由底比斯的君主治理
9th and 10th Dynasties Egypt split into the north, ruled from Herakleopolis, (2160-2040) and the south, ruled from Thebes
第11王朝 在孟图霍特普统治时期，埃及再度统一。孟图霍特普在巴哈公元前2133-前1991年里修建了独特的丧葬建筑群。
11th Dynasty (2133-1991) Egypt was unified once again under the rule of Metuhotep. He
built an exceptional mortuary complex at Del el-Bahri
第12王朝 阿蒙尼姆赫特将都城迁到孟菲斯。塞索斯特里斯二世将埃及公元前1991-前1786年分为三大区
12th Dynasty (1991-1786) Amenemhet moved the capital back to Memphis. Sesostris III reorganized Egypt into 3 regions
公元前1991-前1962年阿蒙尼姆赫特与亚洲和爱琴海进行贸易。
1991 - 1962 BC Amenemhat begins trade with Asia and the Aegean
公元前1971-前1928 森努塞尔特一世在底比斯修建卡纳克神庙
1971 - 1928 BC Senusret I builds temple of Karnak at Thebes
第13、14、15、16、17王朝这个时代留存下来的纪念物稀少。每个国王在位时间短暂。公元前1786-前1567年一些国王出身平民。喜克索斯人统治东三角洲地区。
13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, &17th Dynasties Few monuments from this period survived. Each king reigned for only a short time. Some of these kings were born commoners. The eastern Delta region was ruled by the Hyksos
公元前1588年底比斯与亚洲统治者进行战争
1588 BC War between Thebes and Asiatic ruler
第18王朝 图特摩斯一世征服了近东和埃及的部分地区。哈特舍普苏特公元前1567-前1320年和图特摩斯将埃及带入了大国时代。阿蒙霍特普二世开始艺
术革新。埃赫那吞和涅菲尔提提开创一神宗教。
18th Dynasty (1567-1320) Thutmose I conquered parts of the Near East and Africa. Hatshepsut and Thutmose made Egypt a super power. Amenhotep II began an artistic revolution. Akhenaton and Nefertiti began a new religion with one god
第19王朝 塞提一世修复了许多纪念物。在阿拜多斯的塞提一世的神公元前1320-前1200年 庙中，一些壁画非常精美。经过多次战争，埃及与亚洲大国
签订了条约。
19th Dynasty (1320-1200) Seti I restored many monuments. His temple at Abydos has some of the most superior carved wall relief. After many
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battles, treaties were written between Egypt and Asiatic powers
公元前1304-前1327年拉美西斯二世开始工程建设，其中包括他的葬祭庙拉美修姆（卢克索附件西岸）
1304 - 1327 BC Ramses II begins building projects：including his mortuary temple The Ramesseum (on the West Bank near Luxor)
第20王朝 塞特那克特恢复了全国的秩序。拉美西斯三世位居最伟大国公元前1200-前1085年王之列。
20th Dynasty (1200-1085) Setakht restored order to the country. Ramesses III was one of the greatest kings
公元前1200-前1105年帝王谷的陵寝遭到盗窃
1200 - 1105 BC Royal Tombs in the Valley of the Kings plundered
第21王朝 王权衰弱，埃及不再是世界强权。内战和外族入侵使得埃及公元前1089-前945年 四分五裂。
21st Dynasty (1085-945) The kings weakened, and Egypt was no longer a world power. Civil war and foreign invaders tore Egypt apart
公元前727年在三角洲地区三个王朝并列
727 BC In Delta, three dynasties appeared
公元前630年喀什塔和皮安西统治的库什征服埃及
630 BC Conquest of Egypt by Kush under Kashta and then Piankhy
第25王朝 努比亚人遭受亚述入侵。第25王朝艺术上复兴，开始回归公元前716-前656年 古王国艺术传统。
25th Dynasty (716-656) The Nubians fell under the Assyrians invasion. A renaissance in the arts of the 25th Dynasty showed a return to the Old Kingdom style
公元前650年普撒美提克一世驱逐了亚述人，打败了库什国王
650 BC Psamtek I drove off Assyrian invaders and defeated Kushite kings
公元前610-前595年尼科二世修建连接尼罗河和红海的运河
610 - 595 BC Nekau II begins to construct a canal from Nile to the Red Sea
公元前525年冈比西斯入侵埃及
525 BC Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses
公元前510-前497 大流士王开通了尼罗河与红海之间的运河
510 - 497 BC King Dauius completes the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea
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公元前332年亚历山大大帝入侵埃及
332 BC Alexander the Great invades Egypt
公元前323-前30年托勒密王朝
323-30 BC Ptolemaic Dynasty
公元前300年 尼罗河中菲来岛上的伊西斯神庙建立
300 BC The Temple of Isis was built on the island of Philae in the Nile River
公元前30年 克里奥帕特拉七世与安东尼战败，屋大维进入埃及，开创了罗马的统治。
30 BC Queen Cleopatra VII and Mark Anthony are defeated - Octavian enters Egypt beginning Roman rule
公元395-641年不再使用象形文字，人们也不能理解象形文字的意义
395 - 641 AD Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is no longer used - People can no longer understands its symbols
公元641年穆斯林阿拉伯征服埃及
641 AD Egypt conquered by Muslin Arabs