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八年级英语下册短语,句型,和语法.doc

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八年级英语下册 Unit 1 Will people have robots? 重要短语 1. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习 2. in the future 将来 3. live to be 200 years old 活到200 岁 4. in 100 years 一百年之后 5. a piece of paper 一张纸 6. more/few trees 更多/更少的树 7. more/less pollution 更多/更少的污染 8. space station 太空站 9. agree with sb. 同意某人的意见 10. talk to/with sb. 与…谈话 11. fall in love with… 爱上…… 12. live alone 独自居住 13. go skating 去滑冰 14. be able to do sth. 能够做某事 15. go to Hong Kong on vacation 去香港度假 16. one day 有朝一日 17. World Cup 世界杯 18. come true 实现 19. in space 在太空 重要句型 1. Do you think there will be robots in people’s homes? 你认为人们的家里会有机器人吗? 2. Will kids go to school? 孩子们会去上学吗? 3. There will only be one country. 将只有一个国家? 4. People will live to be 200 years old. 人们将活到二百岁。 5. Will people use money in 100 years? 一百年后人们还用前钱吗? 6. There will be more/fewer people. 人们将会更多/更少。 7. There will be less free time. 闲暇时间会更少。 8. What do you think Sally will be in five years? 你认为五年后萨莉会干什么工作? 9. I’ll live in Shanghai, because I went to Shanghai last year and fell in love with it. 将来我要在上海定居,因为去年我去了上海并喜欢上了这座城市。 10. One day I might even visit Australia. 有一天我甚至会去澳大利亚游览。 11. What will teenagers do for fun twenty years from now? 从现在算起,二十年后十几岁的年轻人会做什么来娱乐呢? 重要语法点 一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。本时态标志词: 1.含tomorrow; next短语; 2.in+段时间 ; 3.how soon; 4.by+将来时间; 5.by the time sb.do… 6.祈使句句型中:or/and sb. will do 7.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时 8.another day 比较be going to 与will: be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些。 如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. 2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。       He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. 3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如:       She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. 4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如:       If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.   掌握了它们的这些不同,你就能很好的区分be going to与will了。 一般将来时常见的标志词 1.含tomorrow; next短语; 2.in+段时间 ; 3.how soon; 4. by+将来时间; 5.祈使句句型中:or/and sb. will do 例Be quick, or you will be late=If you don’t be quick, you will be late 6.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时(另见Unit 5) Unit2 What should I do? 重要短语 1. keep out 不让......进入 2. argue with ... 和……争吵 3. out of style 过时 4. in style 流行的 5. call sb. up = call sb. 给某人打电话 6. talk on the phone 用电话交谈 7. a ticket to a ball game 一场球赛的票 8. pay for 付款 9. find out 查明…… 10. be surprised at sth./doing sth. 对……感到惊讶 11. get a part time job 找到一份兼职工作 12. borrow sth. from … 从……借到…… 13. lend sth. to sb. 把……借给…… 14. ask sb. for sth. 向某人请求 15. buy sth. for sb. = buy sb. sth 为某人买…… 16. the same as 与......同样的 17. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 18. get on well with sb. 和某人相处得好 19. have a fight with sb. 与某人打架 Ⅱ、Sentences: 1. What should I do? 我应该做什么? 2. You could borrow some money from your brother. 你可以向你的哥哥借点钱。 3. I think you should ask your parents for some money. 我想你应该向你的父母要些钱。 4. He could get a tutor to come to his home. 他可以请一个家庭教师到他的家里来。 5. They are the same as my friends’ clothes.它们和我朋友的衣服是一样的。 6. But I just found out that my friends were planning a birthday party for my best friend. 但我刚刚发现我的朋友们正在为我最好的朋友筹备生日聚会。 7. I can’t think what I did wrong. 我想不出我做错了什么。 8. I’m very upset and don’t know what to do.我很不安,不知道该做些什么。 9. You left your homework at home. 你把作业忘在家里了。 重要语法点 过去进行时(Past Progressive Tense) 句型 S + was/were +V-ing… 例A:She was doing her homework at 8:30 yesterday evening. (昨天傍晚八点半她正在做家庭作业。) 例B:We were having supper at that time. (那个时候我们正在吃晚饭。) 解说 如例1所示,在单句中使用过去进行时来表达时必须把该动作正在进行中的时间表明清楚,否则就不合逻辑了。例如:I was taking a bath yesterday. (错) (昨天我正在洗澡——昨天24小时都正在洗澡吗?) 所以本句应该如例1来表达,或者用一般过去时表达如下: I took a bath yesterday.(昨天我洗了澡。) 如果由上下文的文意,或者对谈中的话意可以了解“动作正在进行中的时间”,单句里就使用过去进行时来表达是很普通的,例如: A:I called you up yesterday evening. B:Did you? At what time? A:At around ten o'clock. (大约在十点钟。) B:Oh, I was taking a bath then.(哦,当时我正在洗澡。) 过去进行时在表达上常用的句式是如例2所示和另一个一般过去时的动作相搭配。请观察下面的图解说明: 过去有二动作A和B(如图示),在B动作发生时稍早发生的A动作正好在进行中,所以这种表达法通常都是复句(主句+副词从句)。例如: When I got up this morning, Mother was preparing breakfast in the kitchen. (今天早上我起床时妈妈正在厨房里准备早餐。—“Mother…。”是主句,“when…,”是副词从句。) 常用于修饰过去进行时的时间副词:过去的某一定点时刻(at + 过去的时刻),then (= at that time)(那时,当时),all + 时间,“When…/While…/As…”等副词从句,etc. Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 重要短语 1. in front of… 在……的前面(范围外) 2. get out of … 从……出来 3. take off 起飞 4. barber shop 理发店 5. an unusual experience 一次不寻常的经历 6. shout to\at sb. 朝某人喊叫 7. at the doctor’s 在医生的诊所 8. land on … 降落…… 9. call the police 报警 10. follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人做某事 11. walk down … 沿着……走 12. jump down 跳下来 13. train station 火车站 14. come in 进来 15. run away 逃跑 16. think about … 考虑…… 重要句型 1. What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 飞碟来的时候你正在做什么? 2. I was standing in front of the library. 我正站在图书馆的前面。 3. While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed. 当这个男孩这沿着街道走时,飞碟着陆了。 4. The girl was shopping when she saw the alien get out. 这个女孩正在购物,这时她看见外星人走了出来。 5. Isn’t that amazing! 这多么令人吃惊啊? 6. I was sleeping. How about you? 我在睡觉,你呢? 7. Davy met another dog outside the station. 戴维在火车站外遇到了另一只狗。 8. She didn’t think about looking outside the station. 她没有想到去车站外面看看。 重要语法点 直接引语和间接引语 (一)直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1. 时态的变化:直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转述动词said,asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变 一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时等。 例如:  Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”  →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化;根据意义进行相应的变化。 如:  She asked Jack,“Where have you been?” →She asked Jack where he had been.  He said,“These books are mine.” →He said that those books were his. (二)直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。 1.陈述句的间接引语:陈述句由直接引语变间接引语,由that引导,可以省略。  “I want the blue one.” he told us. “我想要兰色的。” 他说。   →He told us that he wanted the blue one. 他说他想要兰色的。  She said to me, “You can’t do anything now.” 她对我说:“此刻你无法做任何事情。” →She told me that I couldn’t do anything then.  她对我说那时我无法做任何事。 2. 疑问句的间接引语   直接引语如果是疑问句,变成间接引语后,叫做间接疑问句。间接疑问句为陈述语序,句末用句号,动词时态等的变化与间接陈述句相同。引述动词常用ask, wonder, want to know等间接疑问句一般有三种: (1).一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时, 由whether或if 引导。 如:  “Has he ever worked in Shanghai?”Jim asked. “他在上海工作过吗?”吉姆问。  →Jim asked whether/if he had ever worked in Shanghai.吉姆问他是否在上海工作过。  “Can you tell me the way to the hospital?” The old man asked. 那个老人问:“你能告诉我去医院的路吗?  →The old man asked whether I could tell him the way to the hospital. 那老人问我是否能告诉他去医院路。 (2). 特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时,仍由原来的疑问词引导。 如:  “Which room do you live in?” He asked. “ 你住哪个房间?”他问我。  →He asked me which room I lived in. 他问我住哪个房间。  “What do you think of the film?” She asked. 她问“你怎么看这部电影?”  →She asked her friend what she thought of the film . 她问她朋友怎么看这部电影。 (3). 选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时,由whether/if …or引导。 如: “Is it your bike or Tom’s? Mum asked. 妈妈问:“这是你的自行车还是汤姆的?” →Mum asked whether/if it was my bike or Tom’s.妈妈问这是我的自行车还是汤姆的。 “Does your sister like blue dresses or green ones?” Kate asked. “你妹妹喜欢兰色的裙子还是绿色的?”凯特问。  →Kate asked whether/if my sister liked blue dresses or green ones. 凯特问我妹妹喜欢兰色裙子还是绿色的。 3. 祈使句的间接引语当祈使句变为间接引语时,间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell,ask,order,beg,request,order等,而把直接祈使句变成带to的不定式短语。 如:   Jack said, “Please come to my house tomorrow, Mary. ” 杰克说:“玛丽,明天请到我家来。”    →Jack asked Mary to go to his house the next day. 杰克请玛丽第二天到他家去。   The teacher said to the students, ”Stop talking.” 老师对学生们说:“不要讲话了。”    →The teacher told the students to stop talking. 老师让学生们不要说话了。   “Don’t touch anything.” He said. “不要碰任何东西。”他说。    →He told us not to touch anything. 他对我们说不要碰任何东西。 4. 动词时态和代词等的变动 (1). 某些代词,限定词,表示时间或地点的副词和个别动词在间接引语中的变化规则: 直接引语             间接引语 today              that day now               then, at that moment yesterday            the day before the day before yesterday    two days before tomorrow      the next day / the following day the day after tomorrow  two days after, / in two days next week/ month etc     the next week/month etc last week/ month etc   the week / month etc. before here              there this               that these             those come             go bring            take (2). 如果引述动词为现在时形式,则间接引语中的动词时态,代词,限定词和表示时间或地点的副词不用变化。而如果引述动词是过去时,以上内容就要有相应变化。变化情况如下: 现在时间推移到过去的时间(注意:如果直接引语是表示客观规律的,那么时态仍然用一般现在时 一般现在时 →一般过去时; 现在进行时 →过去进行时; 一般将来时 →过去将来时; 现在完成时 →过去完成时; Unit 4 He said I was hard-working. 重要短语 1. have a surprise party 举行一个惊喜的聚会 2. be mad at sb. 生某人的气 3. on Friday evening 在星期五晚上 4. first of all 首先 5. at the bus stop 在公共汽车站 6. be supposed to do sth. 被期望或被要求 7. pass on传递 8. do well in 在……方面做得好 9. have a cold 感冒 10. in good health 保持健康 11. end-of-year exams 年终考试 12. report card 成绩单 13. get over 克服 重要句型 1. She said she was having a surpring party for Lana on Friday night. 她说她星期五晚上要为拉娜举办一个惊喜晚会。 2. Lana thinks she’s coming to my house to study. 拉娜想来我家学习。 3. I’m mad at Marcia. 我要被玛西娅气疯了。 4. Lana said she would go to Marcia’s house on Friday night. 拉娜说她星期五晚上会去玛西娅的家。 5. I’m good at speaking. 我擅长口语。 6. How’s it going? 一切进展如何? 7. I hope that grandpa is well now. 我希望爷爷现在康复了。 8. I’m sorry to hear that he had a cold last week. 很遗憾,我听说他上周感冒了。 9. My history teacher said I could do better. 我的历史老师说我能做得更好。 10. That’s all about all the news I have for now. 目前我就有这么多消息。 Unit 5 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time! 重要短语 1. go to the party 去参加聚会 2. have a great/good time 玩得高兴,过得愉快 3. let sb. in 让某人进入 4. take away 拿走 5. all the time 总是,一直 6. make a living 谋生 7. go to college 上大学 8. travel around the world 环游世界 9. make a lot of money 赚很多钱 10. get an education 受教育 11. get injured 受伤 12. mobile phone 手机 13. in fact 事实上 14. spend time with sb. 与某人度过时光 重要句型 1. If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time! 如果你去参加聚会,你会玩的很高兴。 2. Half the class won’t come. 班上一半的学生不会来。 3. I’m going to the school party. 我要去参加学校的晚会。 Me, too. 我也参加。 4. Don’t bring friends from other schools. If you do, the teachers will ask them to leave. 不要把其他学校的朋友带来。如果那样,老师会要求他们离开。 5. For many young people, becoming a professional athlete might seem like a dream job. 对于许多年轻人而言,成为一名职业运动员可能看起来像是一份理想的工作。 6. If you become a professional athlete, you’ll be able to make a living doing something you love. 如果你成了一位职业运动员,你将可以做你喜欢做的事来谋生。 7. This can make life difficult. 这会使生活很困难。 8. If you become rich, you will have a difficult time knowing who your real friends are. 如果你变得富有,你将难于辨认谁才是你真正的朋友。 重要语法点 if 引导的条件状语从句。If是连词,所连接的句子 叫条件状语 从句,表示假设或条件,意思是 “ 如果…的话”,用法如下: 1、表示假设,表示将会发生和可能发生的事,或进行提醒警告。句子结构如下: If +句子(一般现在时),+主句(主语will/may/can) +动词) a. If you finish your homework , you can go out and play. b. If I have enough money next year , I will go to travel . 2. 表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定义 . 民 间谚语等,句型是: If + 句子 (一般现在时 ),+ 主句 ( 一般现在时). 例: If you study hard ,you are sure to succeed . If you put ice in a warm place ,it turns into water . If a glass falls on the floor, it usually breaks If you cook a banana, it becomes very soft . If a plant don’t get enough light ,it grows very tall and thin. Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? 重要短语 1. raise money 筹钱 2. collect stamps 集邮 3. run out of… 用尽 4. by the way 顺便说一下 5. be interested in 对……感兴趣 6. fly kites 放风筝 7. three and a half years 三年半 8. a pair of skates 一双滑冰鞋 9. the first…to do sth. 做某事的第一个人 10. the whole five hours 整整五个小时 11. by the way 顺便说,顺便问一下 12. on my seventh birthday 在我第七个生日 13. finish doing sth. 做完某事 重要句型 1. How long have you been skating? 你滑冰有多长时间了? I’ve been skating for five hours. 我一直滑了五小时 。 2. When did you get your first pair of skates? 你是什么时候拥有第一双溜冰鞋的? 3. For every hour they skate, each student raises ten yuan for charity. 他们每溜冰一个小时,每名学生就可以筹措到十元的慈善款。 4. The skating marathon has been going for five hours. 这场马拉松滑冰到现在已经持续了五个小时。 5. Alison was the first one to start, and has been skating for the whole five hours. 艾利森是第一个开始滑冰的,而且整整滑了五个小时。 6. Thanks for sending me the snow globe of the monster. 谢谢你送我这个装有怪物的冰雪球。 7. The first one I ever got was a birthday cake snow globe on my seventh birthday. 我得到的第一个冰雪球时我七岁生日时的蛋糕冰雪球。 8. I have a big one with bears in it, and another one with penguins. 我有一个雪花球里面有北极熊,另一个里面有企鹅。 9. If you know anyone else who collects them, please tell me. 如果你认识其他任何收集它们的人,请告诉我。 重要语法点 其表达的意思有两种: 1.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去 2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 现在完成进行时 主语+have(has)been+动词-ing   (一) 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。    The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.  (动作还将继续下去)    I have been learning English since three years ago.  (动作还将继续下去) I study for Engilsh since 10 years ago.    (二) 表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。    We have been waiting for you for half an hour.   我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)    (三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。    They have been living in this city for ten years.    They have lived in this city for ten years.   他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。    I have been working here for five years.    I have worked here for five years.   我在这里已经工作五年了。   (四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。    I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)   我一直在写一本书。  I have written a book.(动作已经完成)   我已经写了一本书。    They have been building a bridge.   他们一直在造一座桥。    They have built a bridge.   他们造了一座桥。 现在完成时态与现在完成进行时态的区别: 1)现在完成进行时态更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较: we've been living here for 10 years we've lived here for 10 years 2) 在不用时间状语的情况下,现在进行时表示动作仍在进行,而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已经结束。如: the studengts have been preparing for the exam(还在进行)学生一直在准备考试 the studengts have prepared for the exam (已经结束)学生为考试做了准备 3)在强调动作持续时间的长度时,特别是有long, how long这类状语时,常用完成进行时。 Since last year ,they have been trying to find out the truth How long have you been waiting for her? Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music? 重要短语 1. mind doing sth. 介意(反对)做某事 2. turn down 调低 3. not at all 根本不,一点也不 4. right away 立刻 5. in a minute 马上 6. do the dishes 洗盘子 7. put on 穿上 8. wait in line/cut in line 插队 9. sth. happen to sb. 某人发生某事 10. go back to… 回到…… 11. get annoyed 变得生气 12. welcome to… 欢迎到…… 13. a bit 一点…… 重要句型 1. Would you mind turning down the music? 你介意把音乐声关小一点吗? No, not at all. I’ll do it right away. 不,一点也不,我马上就去。 2. Would you mind not playing baseball here. 你介意不要在这打棒球吗? Sorry, we’ll go and play in the park. 对不起,我们到公园去打。 3. Sure, that’s no problem. 当然,没问题。 4. OK. I’ll put another pair. 好的,我穿另一条。 5. Could you (please) make dinner? 请做晚饭好吗? 6. The pen you bought didn’t work. 你买的这支笔不能用。 7. I get annoyed when someone talks to me while
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