时间状语从句和原因状语从句.doc

教师寄语：功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.

★请大家举例状语:
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。
　例如：
　　1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)
　　2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)
　　3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)
　　4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)
　　5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）
状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。
★复合句之一 状语从句（Adverbial Clause，在句子中起状语作用的从句）。状语从句根据它在句子中的作用分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、结果状语从句和比较状语从句。判断下列句子的类型：
1．I fell asleep when ( as , while ) he was doing his exercises . 他正作练习时我睡着了。（时间状语从句2．When he arrived in Shanghai , his mother met him at the station . 他到上海时，他妈妈到车站接他。（时间状语从句）

）
2．Where there is a will，there is a way . 有志者，事竟成。（地点状语从句）
3．She didn't come to school because she was ill . 她由于有病没来上学。（原因状语从句）
4．Once he says that , he will do it . 一旦他说了，他就会做。（条件状语从句）
5．No matter who she is , she'll have to wait . 无论她是谁，也得等。（让步状语从句）
6．It also shows you the caller's telephone numberin order that you can recognize who it is .
它能向你显示打电话人的号码以便能够认出是谁。（目的状语从句）
7．He was so excited that he could not say a word . 他如此激动以至于说不出话来。（结果状语从句）
8．You must do as I told you . 你必须按我告诉你的去做。（方式状语从句）
找出本单元中的状语从句，判断其类型，并发现句子位置的规律。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
状语从句三要素：引导词，时态，语序。需注意的地方：简化，即省略。
★ 时间状语从句的时态:
一般情况下时态一致。注意：主句是表将来的时候，从句谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如： I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：
　　　As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished）
　　If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，绝不可用will come back）
）
★ 时间状语从句的语序:
★ 时间状语从句的引导词:
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until，once
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, each/every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … whenI didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
　　While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
　　The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.
　　No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.
　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

, the first time, the last time, next time, by the time, whenever等
一、when 在...的时候，侧重点在于说明一个时间点。when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时= and then; at that moment”。
　　例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬间动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水（延续性的动词）。
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。(瞬间动词)
翻译下列句子：1. Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。
2. When she came into my room, I was just reading（when 从句用的最多的是一般过去时，而主句的时态没有限制,根据具体情况而定。）The girl was shopping when she saw the alien.
　　What was Charlotte doing when the alien took off ?
a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？
4. I was having a rest on the sofa when the telephone rang．
二、while 在...期间，侧重点在于描述在某一时间段内正在发生的动作或状态while 从句一般用的是进行时。而另一件事的状态没有硬性的要求，根据具体情况而定。
While the alien was buying a souvenir , the boy called the police.
　　While the alien was reading the book , the boy called the TV station[1].
。While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应），while有时还可以表示对比，表“而”。例如：
　　1. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
2. I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）
翻译：They were surprised that a child should work out the problem while they couldn’t .

1. He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。
2. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. 当妻子正在看报纸的时候，我正在看电视。
3. While we were chatting, she was looking at the time table on the wall．
三、as 在...的同时；一边...一边... 。as引导的动作可以是延续性的，也可是短暂性的，一般侧重主句和从句动作同时发生。与 while 从句不同的是，as 从句一般不用进行时，而用过去时。
1. We always sing as we walk. 我们总是一边走一边唱。
2. The students took notes as they listened. 学生们边听课边做笔记。
翻译：Sometimes I watch TV as I am having breakfast．
少数情况下，如果强调动作正在发生或“一先一后”，as 从句也可以用正在进行时。
1. The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying. 伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫喊。
2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正当我们出门时，雪开始下起来。（强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）
翻译： He came in as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡觉，他进来了。
四、使用when, while和as的注意事项例如：
　　When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
　　When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
　　Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
　　Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。
　　You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
　　Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长一边谈一边笑。

1. 如果从句动作和主句动作同时发生，并且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as 可以互换使用。
a. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger came in. 当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。 [dance 为延续性动词]
b. When /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter. 当她在打电话时，我正在写信。 [make为延续性动词]
c. While/When/ As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank.
　　　 我顺着马路往前走时，发现银行门前停着一辆警车。
2. 从句动作为短暂性动词时，as, when可互换。
　　　 例如：Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我刹车后，有一个人向我走来。
3. 当要表达从句的动作发生于主句动作之前或之后时，只能用when 引导，不可用as 或 while。
　　　 例如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 干完活后，你可以休息一下。 （从先主后）
When I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off. （主先从后）（短暂性）
翻译：When the movie ended, the people went back. （从先主后）
4. 从句表示“随着时间推移”时，只能用as，不用when 或while。
　　　 例如： 1. As the day went on, the weather got worse.　随着日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
2. As we talked on, he got more and more excited. 我们继续往下谈的时候，他越来越兴奋。
5. when常用与以下句型中：
①…was/were doing…when…（正在做…突然） ②…was/were about to do…when…（刚要做…突然）
③…was/were on the point of doing…when…(刚要做…突然) ④…had just done…when….(刚一…就)
⑤Hardly/Scarcely had…done…when…(刚一…就)
习题：
一、选用合适的引导词，可多选。
1. It was raining hard (while/when/ as) I got there. 我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)
2. (While/When/ As) I had read the article, he called me.
　　我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )
3. (While/When/ As) I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
　　(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)
4. He was about to leave, (while/when/ as) the telephone rang.
　　他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”，while, as不能代替)
5. She thought I was talking about her daughter, (while/when/ as), in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
　　他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)
6. (While/When/ As) the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.
　　外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)
7. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially (while/when/ as) father was away.
　　妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)
二、在下列各句的空格中填入适当的连词
1．_ When ________ he comes tomorrow, I shall ask where he has been.
2．___ While / When ______ he was speaking, everybody listened carefully.
3．Have a good look at that man ___ when/as ______ you pass him.
4．It was already eight o'clock ____ when _____ we got there.
5. I was about to go out __ when _______ a visitor came.
6. When I lived there, I used to go to the seaside on Sundays. (同时) （持续性）
8. He learned to speak German ___ while ______ he was in Berlin.

4.after在...之后
　　He left the classroom after he had finished his homework .
　　他做完作业之后就离开教室。
5.before 在...之前(2)before引导从句时,词义非常灵活，注意下列句子中的before的词义：

1.Before I could get in a word, the tailor had measured me.(还没来得及…就)

2.We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.(还没…就)

3.We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.(…才…)

4.Please write it down before you forget it.(趁还…没就)

　　Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.
　　布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。
6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。
　　We began to work as soon as we got there.
　　我们一到那就开始工作。
　　I will write to you as soon as I get home.
　　我一到家就给你写信。
7.since 自。。。以来 到现在
　　表示自过去的一个起始时间点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(从三年前至今)表示。
　　Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.
　　自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。
8 till /until直到。。。(3)till (until) 和not…till (until)

1） till (until):主句谓语动词必须是持续性的，意思是“到…为止“如：

He remained there till/until she arrived.

2） not…till (until)…: 主句谓语动词必须是短暂性的，意思是“直到…才”如：

She won’t go to bed till/until he returns home.

3） not…until还有强调式和倒装式：

强调句：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.

　倒装句：Not until he returns home will she go to bed.

　　都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until）
　　They walked till /until it was dark.
　　他们一直走到天黑。
　　Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.
　　小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。
9. by the time 到。。。为止
　　(所在句子的主句应用完成时)
　　By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.
　　他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。
　　By the time I got to school, the class had already began.
　　我到校时，已经开始上课了。
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。
　　注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：
　　It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
　　Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
　　My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
　　They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
　　After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
　　After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。
　　till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：
　　I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
　　It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
　　I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
　　I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
　　Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。
　　since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：
　　I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。
　　Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？
　　It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
　　It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
　　知识扩展
　　1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)
　　It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。
　　2. It is +before…(。。。才)
　　It was a long time before I went to sleep again.
　　过了很长时间我才睡着。
　　It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.
　　过了一个小时，警察才来。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly
　　, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如：
　　I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。
　　The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。
　　As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。
　　【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：
　　He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。
　　No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。
　　Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。
　　He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。
　　注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：
　　By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。
　　By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever
　　引导的时间状语从句。例如：
　　Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。
　　Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。
　　You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。
Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to my help.
8.由as long as和so long a
　　引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”，通常译为“只要”。例如：
　　You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。
　　I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。
　　I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.

(4)几个极易混淆的时间状语从句：

1） It was +时间点+when…（当的时候时间是）

It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.

2） It was/will be+时间段+before…(没过…就／过了…才)

It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.

3） It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）

It is/has been 3 years since we last met.

突破点：一看be动词的时态，二看时间段还是时间点。

注意：在“It is /has been +时间段+since…”句型中，从句的动词必须是短暂性的，如果是延续性的动词，时间要从从句的动作结束时算起。如：

It is 3 years since I smoked.( 我戒烟有三年了)
补充：as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when….和once这些从属连接词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一…就…”。从句中一般时态代替将来时态。
every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当…..，每次…..；下次……”等。

★ 原因状语从句的时态:
★ 原因状语从句的语序:
★ 原因状语从句的引导词:
　　常用引导词：because, since, as, for
　　特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.
1. I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。
翻译：My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
　　2. Since / Now that everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.
　　3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.
4. I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
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一、because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后，because表示直接原因， 语气最强， 最适合回答 why引导的特殊疑问句。例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。注意： 1. “not ... because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句， 例如： The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。
2. 比较because与because of
■从词性上看: because 是连词，+句子；because of 是复合介词，+名词、代词、动名词、what 从句(但不能接that从句或没有引导词的句子)等。
判断是短语还是句子的标准： 单独取出because或because of的内容，如果有动词（也就是谓语）的是句子，如果没有则是短语。 例如：I didn't