资源描述
选修8
Unit 2 Cloning
要 点 梳 理 高效梳理·知识备考
●重点单词
1．differ vi.不同；相异→different adj.不同的→difference n．不同，差异
2．twin n．双胞胎之一；孪生儿之一 adj.成对的；成双的
3．straightforward adj.简单的；直接的；坦率的
4．undertake vt.着手；从事；承担→undertook(过去式)→undertaken(过去分词)
5．breakthrough n．突破
6．cast vt.扔；投；掷→cast/cast(过去式/过去分词)
7．object vi.反对；不赞成→objection n．不赞成；反对；异议→objective adj.真实的；客观的；无偏见的
8．obtain vt.获得；赢得
9．attain vt.获得；达到(水平、年龄、状况等)
10．forbid vt.禁止；不准→forbade(过去式)→forbidden (过去分词)
11．accumulate vt.积累；聚积
12．owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于……
13．retire vi.退休；离开→retirement n．退休
14．bother vt.打扰 vi.操心 n．烦扰
15．strike vi. & vt.打；撞击；罢工→struck/struck (过去式/过去分词)
16．vain adj.虚荣的；自负的；徒劳的
17．resist vt.抵抗；对抗→resistance n．抵抗；对抗→resistant adj.
18．drawback n．缺点；不利条件
19．feather n. 羽毛
20．adore vt.崇拜；爱慕；喜爱
●重点短语
1．pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
2．cast down 沮丧；不愉快
3．object to 反对
4．in favour of 赞成；支持
5．owe...to... 把……归功于……
6．(be)bound to(to)．.. 一定或注定(做)……
7．strike...into one’s heart 使……刻骨铭心
8．from time to time 不时；偶尔
9．bring back to life 使复生；使复活
10．in vain 白费力气；枉费心机
11．in good/poor condition 状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏
12．have a great impact on 对……有很大影响
●重点句型
1．Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
之后传来了多莉得了重病的令人烦恼的消息。
2．Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.
多莉总共存活了6年半，是被克隆羊的寿命长度的一半。
3．Did she die young because she was a clone? 因为她是克隆的，所以才早逝了吗？
4．Besides that, there is also a fierce dabate over the question whether human cloning experiments should be allowed.
除此之外，克隆人的实验是否被允许进行的问题引起了激烈的争论。
●高考范文
你很荣幸地成为2008北京奥运会的一名志愿者，负责编写奥运比赛项目的英语介绍。
写作内容：
请根据以下中文提纲，编写射击项目的英语介绍：
背景：射击最初只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。
1896：第一次成为奥运项目
1904：中断
1928：中断
1932：重回奥运会
1968：第一次允许妇女参加奥运射击比赛
现状：稳步发展，1896奥运会只有三项射击项目，现今有17项。
写作要求：只能使用5个句子表达全部内容。
评分标准：句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
[范文1]
Shooting, originated as a means of survival, developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. The sport first appeared in 1896, but none were contested during the 1904 and 1928 Games. The sport returned to the Olympics in 1932. Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting in 1968. The sport has grown steadily from just three shooting events at the 1896 Olympic Games to 17 today.
[范文2]
It was not until the end of 19th century that shooting, originated as a means of survival, earned its status as a sport. Shooting became an Olympic event officially in 1896. Yet, twice in history (1904,1928) shooting was suspended at the Olympics. It returned to the Games in 1932, and women were first allowed to participate in the competition in 1968. The sport has been growing steadily from 1896‘s three events to today’s seventeen.
考 点 探 究 互动探究·能力备考
Ⅰ.词汇短语过关
1．differ vi. 不同；相异
different adj. 不同的；有区别的；相异的
difference n. 不同；不同之处
differ from... 不同于……
differ in... 在……方面不同
differ with/from sb. on/about sth.
与某人关于……意见不同
be different from 与……不同
make a/some/no difference to sb./sth.
对某人/某物有/有些/没有影响或作用
difference between A and B
A和B之间的差别
[即学即练1](1)Men are all alike in their promises. It is only in their deeds that they ______.
人在许诺时都一样，不同之处在于他们的行动。
(2)I have to ____________ you ______ that.
在那一点上我不能同意你的看法。
(3)The rain didn‘t _______________________ the game.这场雨对比赛没有多大影响。
differ
differ with
on
make much difference to
2．undertake vt. 着手，从事，承担；承诺，答应
undertaking n. 任务，事业；承诺，答应
undertake a task/project 承担一个任务/项目
undertake to do sth. 答应做某事
undertake for sth. 为……负责
[即学即练2](1)The company has announced that it will _____________ a full investigation ______ the accident.
公司已宣布将对这次事故进行全面调查。
(2)He __________________ the job by Friday.
他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。
(3)I’ll __________________ your security. 我将保证你的安全。
undertake
into
undertook to finish
undertake for
3．cast vt.&vi. (cast, cast) 投掷；投射；抛
cast aside 抛弃，消除，废除
cast away 抛弃，丢掉，使(船)漂流，(船)失事
cast behind 疏远；把……抛在脑后
cast down 使沮丧/不愉快
cast off 丢弃
cast one‘s eyes over 审视
cast one’s mind back to sth. 回顾，回想
cast light on/upon＝throw light upon 弄清楚
[即学即练3](1)Don‘t be so ____________. Just keep up your spirits.不要这么沮丧，打起精神来！
(2)As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen ______ their nets ______ the sea.
渔民们一到捕鱼区就把渔网撒进了大海。
cast down
cast
into
(3)As soon as he became rich he ____________ all his old friends who gave him some help.
他一富起来就抛弃了所有曾经给过他帮助的老朋友。
cast aside
4．object vi. 反对，不赞成 n. 实物；目的；对象
objection n. 反对；厌恶
object to sb./sth. 反对，不赞成某人/某事
object to doing sth. 反对做某事
object to sb. doing sth. 反对某人做某事
raise an objection to (doing) sth. 对……提出异议
have/make an objection to (doing) sth. 对……表示反对
[即学即练4](1)I ____________ the proposal.
我反对这个提议。
(2)We _______________________ like this.
我们抗议这种待遇。
(3)I feel ________________________ getting up early.
我极不愿意早起。
object to
object to being treated
a strong objection to
5．obtain vt. 获得，取得；买到；借到
[即学即练5](1)I haven‘t been able to _________________ anywhere.
我到处都没买到那本书。
(2)He failed to __________________.
他没有获得奖学金。
obtain that book
obtain a scholarship
(3)Details can be _________________ the Ministry of Education.可以从教育部获知详情。
obtained from
6．forbid vt. (forbade/forbad, forbidden) 禁止；反对
forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事
forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
forbid that... 禁止……(从句中常用“should＋动词原形”)
forbid sb. sth. 禁止某人某事
[即学即练6](1)Our school ______________________________.我们学校不允许学生吸烟。
(2)Smoking should __________________ public places.
公共场所应该禁止吸烟。
forbids students to smoke
be forbidden in
(3)His parents __________________.
他的父母不准他喝酒。
forbid him wine
提示：forbid 后不能直接跟动词不定式做宾语，而是跟动名词做宾语，也可用 forbid sb. to do sth. 形式，有类似用法的单词还有 allow, permit, advise 等。
7．owe vt.欠(钱、物、债等)；应当给予
(1)owe sb. sth.或owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物
owe...to... 把……归功于……
owe it to sb. that...多亏某人帮忙
(2)owing to＝because of“因为，由于”，后接名词、
代词、动名词做宾语，构成介词短语，表原因。
[即学即练7](1)Don’t forget you still ______ 150 yuan to the wine shop.别忘了，你还欠酒店150元钱呢。
(2)He ______ his success to hard work and practice.
他把他的成功归功于努力工作和实践。
owe
owes
(3)If I have improved in any way, I ______ it all to my teacher.如果说我有一些进步，这应该全部归功于我的老师。
(4)You ______ me an apology.
你得向我道歉。
(5)We should do the duty which we ______ to our country.我们应对国家尽我们应尽的义务。
owe
owe
owe
(6)I ______ it to you that I finished my work in time.
多亏你帮忙，我才及时完成了工作。
(7)_________ to the rain, they could not come.
由于下雨，他们不能来了。
owe
Owing
8．bother vt. 打扰vi. 操心n. 烦扰；令人烦恼的事或人
bother with/about sth. 花费时间或精力(做某事)
bother sb. about/with sth. 使某人烦恼，不安
It bothers sb. that.../to do sth. 使某人苦恼的是……
bother to do/doing sth. 操心做某事
[即学即练8](1)Don't _________ Mary while she's reading.
玛丽读书的时候不要打扰她。
(2)I don't want to _________ you ______ my problems.
我不想让你因为我的问题而烦心。
(3)Don't ____________________ that trifling matter.
别为那件小事烦恼。
bother
bother
with
bother about
9．strike vt. & vi.打，撞击，冲击，罢工，打动，划燃，侵袭，突然想起 n．罢工，打击
be struck with(by)为……所侵袭；
为……所触动(感动)
It strikes me that...我觉得……；我的印象是……
strike a match划火柴
strike on/upon打在……上；撞到……上
be on strike举行罢工
go on strike实行罢工
[即学即练9](1)The workers ____________/____________ because they wanted more money.
工人们在罢工，因为他们要求增加工资。
(2)When the clock ____________， the strike started.
当钟敲响了五点，罢工开始了。
were striking
on strike
struck five
(3)The match ____________ because of the moisture of the air.由于空气潮湿，火柴划不着。
(4)________________________ none of them trusts each other.他们当中没有一个人信赖对方这使我震惊。
won’t strike
It strikes me that
(5)Great damage has been caused by the tornado which ______ the area last week.
上周侵袭这一地区的龙卷风造成了巨大的损失。
struck
10．resist v. 忍住；顶住；抵御；反抗
resistance n. 反抗
resistant adj. 抵抗的；耐……的
resist sth. 抵制、阻挡某事
resist doing sth. 反对做某事
can‘t resist doing sth. 忍不住做某事
be resistant to 对……有抵抗力
[即学即练10](1)The river banks could not
________________________.
河堤抵不住水压。
(2)A healthy diet should help your body ___________.
健康饮食有助于身体抵抗感染。
(3)I could hardly ____________.
我忍不住笑了起来。
resist the water pressure
resist infection
resist laughing
11．pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；还清
pay money for sth. 付钱买……
pay for sth. 买……
pay back 还钱，报复
pay out 付出大笔款项；放松
pay up 付清欠款
[即学即练11](1)They ____________ their debt after ten years.十年后他们还清了债务。
(2)Two hundred workers have __________________.
200名工人已被结清工资了。
(3)They took a hell of a risk but it ____________.
他们冒了很大的风险，但事情成功了。
paid off
been paid off
paid off
12．in favour of 赞成；支持
in favour 赞同；流行；得宠
in favour with sb. 受某人支持
in sb.‘s favour 对某人有利
out of favour 失宠；不流行
do sb. a favour＝do a favour for sb. 帮某人忙
do sb. the favour to do sth. 帮某人做……
owe sb. a favour 欠某人情
[即学即练12](1)Are you __________________ cloning or __________ cloning?
你是支持还是反对克隆(技术)?
(2)There were 247 votes _________________ the plan and 152 against.
有247票同意这个计划，152票反对。
in favour of
against
in favour of
(3)She‘s not __________________ the media just now.
目前她没有媒体的捧场。
(4)The exchange rate is __________________ at the moment.目前汇率对我们有利。
(5)Could you ________________________ and pick up Sam from school?
你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？
in favour with
in our favour
do me a favour
13．be bound to 一定；注定
bound v. 跳跃；限制；形成……的界线
n. 跳跃；界线，范围
adj. 必然的，一定的；准备到……去的
be bound to sth. 被束缚于某物；被绑在某物上
be bound to do sth. 一定会、有义务去做某事
be bound (for...) 准备(去……)
be bound up in 热心于，忙于
be bound up with 与……有密切关系
I'll be bound... 我确信……
[即学即练13](1)It‘s __________________ sunny again tomorrow.明天肯定又是阳光灿烂。
(2)We _________________ obey the law.
我们有义务遵守法律。
(bound to be
are bound to
(3)The plane __________________ New York.
这架飞机是飞往纽约的。
(4)He's too _________________ his work to have much time for his children.
他工作太忙，没有时间多陪孩子们。
is bound for
bound up in
14．in good/bad condition 状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)
be in good condition(＝be in a good state)
(人)健康状况好；(东西)保存/保养得好
out of/in bad condition(人)身体不适；(物)保养得不好
working/living conditions工作/生活条件
in difficult conditions在困难的条件下
on condition that...(相当于so long as或if)只要
on this/that condition在这种/那种条件下
economic conditions经济形势
in/under favourable conditions在有利的形势下
[即学即练14](1)The car is still _________________.
这车状况仍然良好。
(2)The miners there worked __________________.
那里的矿工们在极其恶劣的环境中工作。
in good condition
in dreadful conditions
(3)You must _________________ tell him what has happened.你无论在什么情况下都不可告诉他所发生的事。
(4)I’ll do it __________________ you pay for everything.我可以做此事，条件是你得支付一切费用。
on no condition
on condition that
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
接着传来了令人烦恼的消息——多莉得了重病。
(1)表示方位、时间或方式的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首时，句子倒装。
①Look, here comes the bus.看，公共汽车来了。
②Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。
③There goes the bell.铃响了。
(2)本句中的news与that Dolly had become seriously ill是同位语关系。一个名词或代词后面有时可接一个单词、短语或从句，对前者做进一步的解释，说明它指的是谁或是什么，这就是同位语。
①We heard of the news that our team had won.
我们听说了我们队赢了这一消息。
②We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。
[即境活用1] (1)In the dark forests ______， some large enough to hold several English towns.
A．stand many lakes B．lie many lakes
C．many lakes lie D．many lakes stand
答案：B
解析：表地点的介词短语放在句首时用完全倒装，表示某物位于某处用动词lie。
(2)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A．why B．that
C．where D．because
答案：B
解析：考查同位语从句。句意为：他没来上课，因他必须到机场接他叔叔，没人相信这个理由。his reason后接同位语从句，由for being absent from the class隔开，从句是个完整的句子，故选B项。
2．Did she die young because she was a clone?
因为她是克隆的，所以才早逝了吗？
young 为形容词，在句中做状语。
在描绘性文字中，形容词(短语)或形容词化的分词有时起状语作用，说明主句所述的原因、时间或主语所处境况或意义增补。
(1)表原因
表原因的形容词(短语)或形容词化的分词多放在句首，句子的主语亦是其逻辑主语。表原因的形容词(短语)相当于原因状语从句。如：
Thirsty and hungry (＝As he was thirsty and hungry), he went to a farmer‘s cottage to ask for something to eat.
由于又饥又渴，他来到一家农舍要点吃的。
Frightened(＝Because she was frightened), she asked me to go with her.
由于害怕，她要我跟她一起去。
(2)表时间
形容词(短语)表主语动作发生的时间，放在句首。其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。如：
Ripe (＝When they are ripe), the oranges taste sweet.
这些橘子熟了时，味道甜美。
(3)说明主语的境况或意义增补
形容词(短语)表示主语所处境况或意义增补时，常放在句末。相当于一个和前面句子并列的句子。如：
Holmes found the man lying on the floor, dead (＝and he was dead). 福尔摩斯发现那个人躺在地板上，死了。
One woman was lying in bed, awake (＝and she was awake). 有位妇女醒着躺在床上。
For a moment she just stood there, unable (＝and she was unable) to believe what had just happened.
她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
[即境活用2] After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A．hungry and tiredly B．hungry and tired
C．hungrily and tiredly D．hungrily and tired
答案：B
解析：本题考查形容词做状语。
易 错 点 拨 自我完善·误区备考
1.bother/disturb/trouble/annoy
这组词都表示“使人不得安宁”或“心烦意乱”。
(1)bother指干扰别人的正常生活和工作而使之不太安宁，可能是故意的，含有使人讨厌的意味。
(2)disturb指使人失去正常秩序而一时得不到安宁，精力不能集中，语气比bother弱。
(3)trouble常指在心情上失去平静而感到忧虑、苦恼或行动上带来不便，也常用于礼貌的请求。
(4)annoy通常指重复性的行为使(别人)生气。常用被动，表示为某事烦恼、生气。
[应用1] (1)I don’t want to _________ you ______ my problems.我不想让你因为我的问题而担心。
(2)What’s ___________ you－money problems?
什么事令你忧虑不安——经济问题吗？
(3)These flies are ___________ me.
这些苍蝇一直在烦我。
bother
with
troubling
annoying
(4)They were charged with ______________ public peace.
他们被指控扰乱社会治安。
disturbing
2. obtain/earn/gain/get/win
(1)obtain应用范围较广，含有“如期地达到目的或得到所希望的东西”之意，多用于正式场合。
(2)earn表示经过艰苦努力而得到报酬，或得到了理应享有的某种待遇，其宾语多为金钱、荣誉等。
(3)gain指通过斗争、竞争或付出劳动而获得某种优势或达到某种目的。其宾语通常是经验、优势、利益、好处等。
(4)get最常用，可指主动去“获得，得到”，也可能是被迫“接受”，有时指不一定需要主动性或付出很大努力就能得到。
(5)win多指在竞赛中“获得，赢得”，有时也用于指在战争中“获得”胜利，宾语通常是比赛、战斗、战争等。
[应用2] (1)She ______ rich experience in teaching.
她获得了丰富的教学经验。
(2)She ______ a bad cold yesterday.她昨天得了重感冒。
(3)They ______ the basketball match.
他们打赢了这场篮球赛。
gained
got
won
(4)We wished to ______ the firsthand information.
我们希望得到第一手情报。
(5)He ______800 yuan of wages a month.
他月薪八百元。
(6)This custom still __________in some districts.
这种风俗在某些地区仍然流行。
obtain
earns
obtains
3. strike/hit/beat/knock
这四个词均有“打”的意思。
(1)strike 通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的；还有“打动，使……着迷，某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义；也可指“打、擦出(火)，(蛇、兽)抓、咬，(钟)敲响”。
(2)hit 指“打中”“对准……来打”“敲打或打击对方的某一点”，还可用来表示传染病或自然灾害“袭击”某一地区，而其他动词一般不这样用。作“被……想起”讲时，与 strike 同义。
(3)beat 侧重“连续地打击”，如殴打或体罚；也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方；也指“心跳”。
(4)knock 侧重于“敲打，叩击”，常用做不及物动词，通常与 at 连用。
[应用3] 用 hit, strike, beat, knock 的适当形式填空
(1)His heart ______ violently.
(2)In 2009, H1N1 ______ China.
(3)I was ______ by her youth and enthusiasm.
(4)Please ______ at the door before entering.
beats
hit
struck
knock
(5)______ while the iron is hot.
(6)Happily, we heard our team ______ the Japanese team.
(7)The stone ______ him on the head.
Strike
beat
hit
高 效 作 业 自我测评·技能备考
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The brothers d______ widely in their tastes.
2．This question is quite s____________________， while that one is much more complicated.
3．The problem has been b__________ me for weeks.
4．Smoking is f___________ in
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