五种基本句型终极稿.doc

句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
6. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。

基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？
2. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
3. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
1. 介词短语作定语：
1) The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.
2) The boy in blue is Tom.
2. 副词作定语：
1) The boy there needs a pen.
2) The best boy here is Tom.
3. 不定式作定语：
1) The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
2) The boy to write this letter is Tom.
3) There is nothing to do today.
4. 分词（短语）作定语：
1) The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
2) The pen bought by her is made in China.
3) There are five boys left.
5. 定语从句：
1) The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
2) The boy you will know is Tom.
3) There are five boys who will play the game.
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
1. 分词（短语）作状语：
1) He sits there, asking for a pen.
2) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
3) Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.
2. 不定式作状语：
1) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
2) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
3. 名词作状语：
1) Come this way!
练习题
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
(二) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
③ How many new words did you learn last class?
④ They made him monitor of the class.
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(四) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
③ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
④ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She found it difficult to do the work.
② They call me Lily sometimes.
③ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
④Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(六) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
（七）指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .
2. That was how they were defeated.
3.The nursery takes good care of our children .
4.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .
5.There are many film that I’d like to see.
6.I have a lot of work to do .
7. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .
8. The bus arrived ten minutes late .
9. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
10. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .
11. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .
12. It was in the library that I come today .
13. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .
14. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
15. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?