江苏高考读写任务.doc

2014年江苏高考英语书面表达读写任务
一、读写任务的特点：读写任务写作是要求认真阅读所给200字左右的短文,根据所给任务说明和要求写一篇150字左右的英语短文。
其特点表现在以下几个方面：
1.词句控制：整个文章要求控制在150字左右，其中概括所给短文的词数要求控制在30字左右，发表考生个人看法要求控制在120字左右。
2.写作要求：要求对所给的英文语言材料进行加工，既客观、准确而又全面的转述所给材料的观点。然后阐述考生个人观点并加以论证。
3.三个关键词：问题、信息、表达。
以问题为中心， 输入信息， 表达思想。这个思想折射到读写任务的题目设置上， 文章阅读是输入信息， 写作的题目是我们要解决的问题， 表达就是我们写出来的文章。阅读过后写出来，就是考查我们处理信息的能力。
4.能力要求：侧重考查考生概括能力、思辩能力和较高的语篇布局能力。
这就要求考生第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。
二、体裁：记叙文（2012,2011）,议论文（2013）,说明文(2009)，夹叙夹议文（2010）.
三、2007年广东高考英语读写任务得分情况
"读写任务"在高考英语写作中首次将"读"与"写"结合起来,开了高考英语写作题的先河。但据统计,全省约4万考生得0分,全省平均分只有8.98分(本题满分为25分)。一方面反映出考生对写作新题型的不适应,另一方面也提醒了考生在写作上还有很大的上升空间。
2007年广东高考概括部分（满分5分）评分细则：
1．完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分；
2．机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分；
3．稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分；
4．创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分。
5．结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。（满分5分）
而近几年的得分率均在40%左右，即10分左右，因此考生还有很大的上升空间。
概括
写作(20分)
18-20包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。主题明确，内容丰富。词汇丰富，用词得当。能有效运用合适的语言结构，且没有（或极少）语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性好。
14-17 包含题目所给全部或绝大部分内容要点。主题明确，个别内容不准确或者不相关。
词汇较丰富，有个别用词错误。较好地运用了合适的语言结构，有少许语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性较好。
11-13包含题目所给全部或绝大部分内容要点。主题比较明确，个别内容不准确或者不相关。
词汇较丰富，有个别用词错误。较好地运用了合适的语言结构，有少许语法错误。
篇章结构的连贯性较好。
7-10包含题目所给的部分内容要点。主题基本明确，有些内容不准确或者不相关。
词汇有限，有较多的用词错误。语言结构出现较多的语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性一般。
4-6只包含题目所给的个别内容要点。多数内容不相关或者不准确。有些地方照抄原文。
词汇贫乏，有较多的用词错误。大多数的句子出现语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性差。
1-3 只包含与题目所给要点内容有关的一些单词。主题不明确，文章基本照抄原文。
词汇极其贫乏，基本不能正确用词。几乎没有正确的句子。篇章结构零乱。
0 以下几种情况，给0分：
1）完全抄袭原文（或其它文章） 2）文不对题3）只写一些零散的单词，完全没有表达完整的内容
四、篇章结构：
读写任务的篇章结构可大致描述为：
（1标题。（有时不一定要求拟标题）
（2）第1段（概括）：用一两句话概括所给短文内容要点，约30词。建议控制在25～35词之间。
（3）第2段:过渡
（4）第3～4段（正文）：发表看法或议论时，依照试题所给内容要点（三年高考均为3个要点）本身的顺序，原则上每个要点单独写一个自然段，这不但保证写作内容覆盖所有写作要点，而且层次清晰，让阅卷老师一目了然。若其中两条逻辑关系特别紧密，也可用一个自然段来表达。
（5）最后根据需要，可以加一句总结性的话
五、概括
1．概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。

文体
主题句
支撑句

记叙文
故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）
故事大意（两三句）
议论文
文章论点（一句）
论据
说明文
说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象
解释/ 分述
2. 概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
3. 概括的写作步骤：
（1）. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
（2）. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
（3）. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
（4）. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
重构主题句和重组支撑句环节方面一定注意：经过自己理解之后，转化成自己的话，运用简洁明了的语言尽可能客观地转述短文内容。用自己的语言表达作者的观点，而不是抄袭原文和流露自己的想法
4. 学生误区
（1）读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，写作内容1，写作内容2 。写作内容1为概括短文要点，写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。
（2）主题大意概括不清，无法抓住原文要点，无法摆脱原文句子，遗漏原文要点,抄袭原文或表达了自己的意见
（3）概括太广缺乏针对性，或只针对原文某个细节太狭窄
（4）用序号标概括和下文，概括和下文应该构成一个不可分隔完整的文章。
记叙文 (2011/2012)
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。文章的内容包括“主题、情节和主旨”三个方面，其中情节是主要部分，“主题”和“主旨”有时藏于“情节”之中。但在写摘要时，不能仅仅描写情节，必要时要点出“主题”和“主旨”。 讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
记叙文要求故事的“教化”意义， 它的背后隐藏着“这个故事教育我们什么”的目的， 即是“故事情节＋主题”的深层结构。
所以我们写概括的时候， 主题句最好瞄准故事的深层写作目的， 然后支撑句写故事的大意。
写作步骤与技巧：
　1．了解大意
　　做题目前， 要浏览短文，了解大意。如可通过浏览标题、首段及各段首句等来了解短文大意。
2．找关键词
　　找关键词就是找记叙文的六个要素。一般说来，任何事情或事件(what)都会有时间(when)、地点(where)、可能涉及的人物(who)、原因(why)、经过(how)、结果(result)。给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，阅读时可将关键词划出来。
　　3．组词成句
依照原文内容，将上述关键词扩展成完整的句子。
　　4．连句成篇
根据事情发生的顺序，用适当的连接性词语，将上述体现文章要点的句子连接起来，成为一篇较为通顺的短文。
The Best Gift
Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married. Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building. They were now digesting the hardship of life. The only joy was their sweet love for each other. The handsome husband had to be burdened with a family
though he was young. The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming. They were thinking of a good gift for each other. Della wore a waterfall of black hair, but her comb was broken. Jim had a gold watch with an old chain, which was passed from his old grandfather. The big day finally came. On arriving home, Jim was surprised to find Della's long hair cut short. But Della was also surprised to find Jim's gold watch gone. She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him! He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her!
The gifts were now useless. But in fact they got the best gifts.
【学生样本1】
This passage tells us a story about a couple. They sold the most valuable thing for themselves to buy a gifts for each other. Even though the gifts became useless, they (had) received the best gift(s) indeed.
【学生样本2】
This story tells us that a husband Jim and a wife Della love each other. On Christmas, they send the best gifts to each other, but each lose their dear thing. The gifts are useless.
【评论点拨】 两个样本都表达了一些关键的词语(Della, Jim, love, gift等), 但是从“主题句统摄支撑句”的要求来看， 与记叙文的文体目的配合不够完美。样本1的主题句没有样本2好。样本1比较空洞， 读者看不出故事的主题和“教化”意义， 且有不少的语法错误；样本2没有点明礼物，说到了两个人之间的“love”。 但是样本1后面的支撑句Even though the gifts became useless, they (had) received the best gift(s) indeed.说明了故事的情节和目的， 又比样本2好。因此， 两个样本差不多， 可以评3～4分(满分5分)。

记叙文写作万能句：
摘要的开头语
a.点明写作目的类：
1.The passage/ story is mainly about (talks about) …
2.The writer/author tells us about …
3.The passage narrates that …
4.The writer tells us…（主题）by showing us an example of…, who/which…（故事情节）.
b.作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which……
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…..
记叙文的过渡语 (引出类似的经历)
1.This story reminds me of another story that happened to…
2.This story reminds me of a similar experience of…
3. There is a story about me realizing the importance of patience.
4.Take me for example.
5.As far as I am concerned, I have a similar experience .
第三段：
1.Through this experience, I have learned that we should help each other in our daily life.
2.As for me/ Personally, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem, only in this way can we build a harmonious society in the future.

结尾段：
1.To be brief，we should be aware of the importance of...总之，我们应当明白……的重要性。
2.Therefore，it is necessary for us to...因此，我们有必要
3. In a word/ All in all/ In conclusion/ To sum up…
例文
Everyone will have lots of teachers in their entire life，but not so many teachers will leave a strong impression with you．I thank those teachers who touched my heart，and gave me a new world to create，and I thank them for their efforts，their kind heart，and their excellent teaching．Without them，I would not be the girl I am today．Without them，I would not have the success, the pride，and the honours I now have．Without them，my life will be a hole with total darkness．They，have given me light to go on；they，have given me strength to strive for my goals；they have
taught me what I need to know about life．
I may never have the chance to express my gratitude to some of my teachers．as I lost contact with them many years ago．Maybe now all they remember of me is just a little girl who was scared to step forward，not the girl with confidence and determination that I am today．But no matter where they are，no matter how much they remember of me，I want to thank all those who taught me，and those who are teaching me right now．I want to give them a big“Thank You”for their efforts，and for their endless love for their students!

【写作内容】
1．以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2．然后以约120个词写一篇记叙文，描写你身边的一位老师对你的影响，并包括以
下要点：
a．举例说明你遇到过的对你有很深影响的一位老师；
b．你从老师那里受到过哪些影响；
C．你认为老师能否改变人的一生。
【写作要求】
1．可以参照阅读材料的篇章结构组织故事，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．标题自定。
【评分标准】
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
【练习】
Fill in the gaps：
According to what is mentioned above．the author showed great gratitude to all the teachers who had ever taught her，because_____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
(Tip：A teacher who impressed you most in your life and why he／she is so important
to you．)
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Take my experience for example．I firmly believe that a good teacher does play
an important role in a student's life．_______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________议论文（2013）
议论文有不同的形式， 例如 观点论证型、观点对立型、现象讨论型、问题解决型等。
无论议论文是什么形式， 它必须具有论点、论据和论证。论点是作者试图让读者接受的观点。论据是用以证明论点成立的证据。论证是论据证明论点的过程， 包括材料的选择、安排、详略、比例，逻辑关系的发展等。
议论文的内容包括“观点(或问题)、论据、结论”三个方面，所以摘要就是把这三个方面说清楚。
议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that…
注意：议论文的主体部分是论证的过程，论据占有很大的部分，但在写摘要的时候，不需要详细写论证的过程，因为它有很多细节信息，而细节信息是写摘要所应该剔除的，所以议论文的摘要应当将“观点、论据、结论”三个方面同等对待。
完成议论文型读写任务的步骤：
1.审读阅读材料 [寻找作者的观点、论据和结论]
2．概括原文的观点 [转述作者的观点、论据和结论]
3．提出自己的观点 [赞成或反对, 不一定是自己本来持有的观点，主要是看文章怎么好写就怎样立论]
4．论证自己的观点 [用事例论证自己的观点]
5. 结论
观点论证型
Scientists find that hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than the job-holders. A study shows that whenever the employment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increase correspondingly(相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.
Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work, people come into contact with each other. By collective activities, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and makes him likely to disease.
Besides, work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or teacher sees his students grow, they are happy beyond words.
写作内容
1.以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2.然后以约120个词就“努力学习，快乐生活”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点：
(1)你赞同“努力学习也可以快乐生活”这一观点吗？简要阐述理由。
(2)举例说明你的同学是如何努力学习并保持健康乐观的心态的？
(3)简述如何才能做到努力学习并快乐生活？
写作要求
1. 在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
评分标准
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
Key:
标题：Study hard and enjoy yourselves
(概括)The author highlights the effect of work on peoples health, because it can rid one of loneliness, and make one feel fruitful and proud of himself, which always contributes to a good body.
（个人观点：赞同或不赞同）In common with the author, I agree that the harder you work, the happier you will be, as hard work can keep a person busy, and give one a sense of achievement, hence he will be self-confident and feel happy.
（正文）Around me, some of my classmates work very hard, hoping to fulfill their dream. However, they don’t seem unhappy. Oppositely, they try to find fun even under the pressure of the NMET. For example, they may share the joy with others when working out a problem. Sometimes they may play a trick on his partner using the newly-learned idioms, thus refresh themselves quickly.
（总结）As for me, I think only when we truly experience what fun it is, can we spare no effort to study hard and meanwhile enjoy ourselves.
对立观点式写作 [题一]
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150个词左右的英语短文。
An approximate 400 sqm hall was full of people，and dozens of twisting queues were wriggling forward．Each one with hands full of tutoring books clustered in the Guangzhou Book Center at the first weekend of the new semester．
The tutoring books and the reference series of the New Class Standards are the principle targets for the parents．“Each family has only one child and parents want to give the best to the kid．”one parent said．In order to get an appropriate book to meet their children's needs，many of them have been waiting for more than 3 hours．“Absolutely，it can never be called a happy experience．but you must do something for your children，”said another parent，with a complicated look on her face．
Educators warned that too many tutoring books are not good for the children. Parents and schools should choose books from reliable publishing houses．They also argued that too many tutoring books would be a heavy burden to middle school students and also a waste of money because many of these books have the same content and are always thrown away after use．“Middle school students must focus on their study，but in a certain sense，the relationship between tutoring books and scores has been over-emphasized．”said Professor Li，one famous specialist in the education field．
【写作内容】
1．以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2．然后以约120个词就“书该不该买”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点：
a．有些人认为书应该借来看，这样既可以充分利用公共资源，又可以节约；
b．有些人认为书应该买来看，这样才会更方便；
c．阐述你自己的看法并说明理由。
【写作要求】
1．可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不
得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．标题自定。
【评分标准】 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
【练习】
Fill in the gaps：
（概括）
The passage argues that____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
（一方观点）Many people choose to borrow books from libraries．For one thing，_______________________________________________________________________________
For another，__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
（另一方观点）However，others argue that the advantages for buying books are more obvious．Firstly，_____________________________________________________________
Secondly，__________________________Finally，__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
（个人观点）
I think____________________________________________________________________
（总结）As for tutoring books and textbooks，I prefer__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
[题二]
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇约150个词的英语短文。
We all love new inventions．They are exciting，amazing and can change our lives．But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives?
Picture this：You're rushing to finish your homework on the computer．Your mobile phone rings，a QQ message from your friend appears on the screen，and the noise from the television is getting louder and louder．Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work．Now you have to stay up all night to get it done．How calm and happy do you feel?
Inventions have sped up our lives so much that they often leave us feeling stressed and fired．Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities，who have no telephones，no cars，not even any electricity often seem to be happier? Perhaps it is because they lead simple lives．
【写作内容】
1．以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2．然后以约120个词就“科技发明给我们带来了什么”的主题发表看法，并包括如
下要点：
a．科技发明为生活带来的便利；
b．科技发明为生活带来的烦恼；
C.结合自身或身边的例子说明如何取得利与弊的平衡。
【写作要求】
你可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得
直接引用原文