语法专题之动词的语态.doc

语法专题之动词的语态

一、被动语态的构成形式
　　1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
　　被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
　 1) 主语+am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
2）主语+ has /have been done 现在完成时
　　3）主语+ am/is /are being done 现在进行时
　　4）主语+ was/were done 一般过去时
　　5）主语+ had been done 过去完成时
　　6）主语+ was/were being done 过去进行时
　　7）主语+ shall/will be done 一般将来时
　　8）主语+ should/would be done 过去将来时
　　9）主语+ shall/will have been done 将来完成时（了解，不要求掌握）
　　2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
　　1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
　　2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
　　3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
　　4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
　　5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
　　3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
　　v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
二、 如何使用被动语态
　　学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
　　1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
　　2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
　　3. 为了更好地安排句子。
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
　　一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
　　It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。　
　　例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
　　1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
　　注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
　　2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
　　在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
　　1． 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
　　2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
　　3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
　　试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
　　4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
5． 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

试试看，你都学会了吗？----语法巩固练习
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. A lot of water _________ (waste) every year. It’s a serious problem.
2. Now many kinds of work __________ (can do) by robots. (上海)
3. English __________ (speak) as a second language in some countries. (山西)
4. Fish may _____ ____ (catch) in the river. (呼和浩特)
5. A new bridge _________ (build) over the river last year. (福州)
6. “I’m afraid it _______ (need) mending”, Mrs. White turned off the TV. (西安)
7. Vegetables, eggs and fish _________ (sell) in that shop.
8. The children ______ often ______ (tell) to be careful with fire.
9. The accident _________ (happen) just now.
10. Now he ______ (be) asked if the meeting _______ (hold) next Friday.
11. When school was over this morning, it ________(snow) outsaide.
12. ---- ______ you ______(finish) your homework yet?
---- Yes. I _________ it last night.
13. It’s nine o’clock. I can see they _______(have) an English class there.
14. Look, Jassie! Some of them ________(carry) water, others _______(water) the trees.
15. They__________(leave) for Shanghai on business tomorrow monrning.
16. My dictionary is broken. I think I ________(buy) a new one soon.
17. Look at the clouds, please. It _________ (rain).
18. They ________(come) to ask for their books, but they took nothing.
19. At that time we often _______(have) nothing to eat. Too bad, you see.
20. It ________(take) me 20 minutes to get to school every day.
21. I ________(learn) English for 3 years before I came here.
22. Lucy and Lily just _________(come) here, so they don’t know much about it.
23. He has worked in the factory since he ______(leave) the university.
24.There ______(be) a telephone call for you a moment ago. And he ______(call) you again.
25. I really didn’t know when the movie________(begin). It’s a pity.
二、将下列句子改为被动语态
1. You must send your sister to hospital at once. (山东荷泽)
She must _____ _____ to hospital at once.
2. The foreigners can’t understand this word. (广东)
　 This word can’t _____ _____ by the foreigners.
3. Many people speak French in China. (广西)
French _____ _____ by many people in China.
4. Mike drew a picture on the blackboard. (四川)
A picture _____ _____ on the blackboard by Mike.
5. Someone took away the boxes yesterday. (甘肃)
The boxes _____ _____ away by someone yesterday.
6. He doesn’t clean the meeting-room every day. (兰州)
The meeting-room _____ _____ every day.
7. You can look up the word in the dictionary.
The word can _____ _____ _____ in the dictionary.
8. I’ll buy my daughter a new watch.
A new watch will _____ _____ _____ my daughter.
9. The boss made the workers work all day.]
The workers _____ _____ _____ work all day (by the boss).
10. We saw some boys playing football behind the house.
Some boys _____ _____ _____ football behind the house.
三、单项选择题。
1. The river smells terrible. People must _____ dirty things into it. (南京)
A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing
C. stop to throw D. stop from throwing
2. Many kinds of new bicycles _____ in Number One Machine Factory now.
A. are making B. are made C. have made D. will make
3. Paper _____ first invented in China. (昆明)
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4. –Do you like the flower?
-Yes, it _____ sweet. (内蒙古)
A. is smelling B. smelt C. is smelt D. smells
5. His schoolbag _____ away by a woman ten minutes ago. (河北)
A. took B. had taken C. was taken D. were taken
6. It snowed heavily last night. The ground _____ thick snow.　　(武汉)
A. was covered with B. was filled with C. was made of D. was getting on with
7. The light in the room _____ before you leave.　　　　　　　(广州)
A. must turn off B. will turn off C. are turned D. must be turned off
8. Chinese _____ by Miss Wang three years ago.　　　　　　　(吉林)
A. was taught B. is taught C. was teached D. were taught
9. Young trees _____ quite often.　　　　　　　　　　　　　(武汉)
A. should water B. should be water C. should be watered
10. _____ the kind of question often _____ in your class, Ann?　(山东)
A. Does; ask B. Is; asked C. Has; asked D. Will; ask
10. The bridge over the river _____ three years ago.　　　　　　(江西)
A. is finished B. finished C. was finished D. has finished
11. The bridge _____ in three weeks.　　　　　　　　　　　　(深圳)
A. will build B. is built C. will be built
12. The League _____ in May, 1922.　　　　　　　　　　　　(安徽)
A. found B. was found C. founded D. was founded
13. The old men and the children must _____ in our country.　　　(四川)
A. take good care B. be taken good care
C. take care of D. be taken good care of
14. The radio can _____ in two days.　　　　　　　　　　　　(湖南)
A. mend B. be mend C. be mended D. mended
15. Alice is ill. She _____ to hospital at once.　　　　　　　　　(四川)
A. is sent B. must be sent C. can send D. must send
16. The flowers _____ every day, or they’ll die.　　　　　　　　(湖北)
A. must water B. should water C. can be watered D. must be watered
17. Paul doesn’t have to be made _____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
18. In some part of the world, tea _____ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
19. –Have you moved into the new house?
-No, not yet. The rooms _____.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
20. The girl was unhappy because she _____ by some boys in the class.
A. is laughed B. was laughed C. laughed at D. was laughed at
21.-- -- Oh, it’s a nice bike. How long ______ you _____ it?
---- Just five days.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
22. ----- Shall we go shopping now?
----- Sorry, I can’t. I ______ my shirts.
A. wash B. washes C. washed D. am washing
23. Li Dong has ________ Greener China for two months.
A.joined B. been C. taken part in D. been a member of
24. ----- ______you ______ TV at the moment?
----- No. You can turn it off.
A. Do, watch B. Are, watching C. Have, watched D. Did, watch
25. ----- Excuse me, sir. You can’t smoke here.
----- Sorry, I _______ the sign.
A. don’t notice B. haven’t noticed C. didn’t notice D. hadn’t noticed
26. ----- Hurry up! We’re all waiting for you now.
----- I ______ for an important phone call. Just go without me.
A. wait B.you was waiting C. am waiting D. waited
27. ----- Why didn’t you go to the movie yesterday?
----- Because I _______ it before.
A. am watching B. had watched C. watched D. have watched
28. Sorry, Jay Chou _______ for half an hour. You can’t see him now.
A. has left B. has gone C. has been away D. has gone away
29. -----The movie Harry Potter is really interesting.
----- Yeah. I ______ it twice.
A. have seen B. see C. will see D. had seen
30. Jenny is a nurse. She ________ in the Town Hospital.
A. works B.worked C.had worked D.work
31. Don’t talk loudly here. My little sister _________.
A. has gone out B. is sleeping C. sleeps D. went to school
32. ----- Hi, Carol. How was your trip to Disneyland?
----- Oh, Alice. We _______ a good time there.
A. have B. have had C. had D. are having
33. Don’t be worried. We are just in time, and we ______ the early bus.
A. don’t miss B. can miss C. will miss D. won’t miss
34. She said she_______ me 5 letters in one month.
A. has written B. will write C. had written D. wrote
35. Mike, go and see who ______ football on the playground.
A. is playing B. plays C. played D. were playing
36. ----- ______ you _____ to Beijing?
----- Yes. I will be back next Monday.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C.Are, going D. Did, go
37. -----Li Lei, is your mother at home?
----- No. She _______ work.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. goes to D. has been in
38. Don’t worry. David said he ______here on time very soon.
A. came B. will be C. would come D. can be
39. ----- Hurry, John. It’s time to leave!
----- OK, _________.
A. I’m coming. B. I’ll come. C. I’ve come. D. I would come
40. ----- Can I help you, sir?
----- Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it ______ now.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
四：被动语态练习题
1. _____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
    A. Is，built  B. Was , built   C. Does ; build  D . Did ; build
 2. An accident ____ on this road last week.
    A. has been happened B. was happened  C. is happened  D. happened
 3. Cotton ____ in the southeast of China.
    A. is grown   B. are grown   C. grows   D. grow
 4. So far, the moon ____ by man already.
    A. is visited  B. will be visited  C. has been visited  D. was visited
 5. A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
    A. is given   B. has been given  C. will be given  D. gives
 6. A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
    A. are doing  B. are being done  C. has been done     D. will be done
 7. The doctor _____ for yet.
    A. isn't sent  B. hasn't been sent  C. won't be sent  D. wasn't sent
 8.--When ___ this kind of computers______?  --Last year.
    A. did; use   B. was; used   C .is; used   D. are; used
 9. Who _____ this book _____?
    A. did; written  B. was; written by  C. did; written  D. was; written
 10. Mary ____ show me her new dictionary.
     A. has asked to  B. was asked to  C. is asked   D. asks to
 11. A story _____ by Granny yesterday.
     A. was told us  B. was told to us  C. is told us   D. told us
 12. The monkey was seen _____ off the tree.
     A. jump   B. jumps   C. jumped   D. to jump
 13.Older people ____ well.
     A. looks after    B. must be looked after C. must look after      D. looked after
 14.Our teacher ______ carefully.
A. should be listened to B. should be listen  C. be listened              D. is listened
 15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving    B. is served    C. serves      D. served
 16. It was reported that the murderer _______ arrested.
A. has been    B. had been    C. has     D. had
 17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?
A. would be completed B. will be completed  C. had been completed  D. is being completed
 18. Great changes _____ in China since the People’s Republic of China _____ in 1949.
A. have taken place; was founded     B. has taken place; was founded
C. have been taken place; founded    D. took place; founded
 19. —Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?  
— She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed  B. laughed at   C. been laughed  D. been laughed at
 20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world.
A. need      B. are needing   C. are needed   D. will need
21. I promise that matter will _______.
A. be taken care   B. be taken care of   C. take care    D. take care of
 22. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given     B. given    C. to give    D. be given
 23. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave    B. was given   C. was giving   D. had given
 24. Can such a thing _____ happening again?
A. prevent from    B. prevented from  C. be prevented from  D. to prevent from
 25. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.
A. is building   B. is being built   C. been built   D. be building
 26. This bike ________ last year.
A. bought  B. has been bought  C. was bought   D. had been bought
 27. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?
A. was destroying  B. destroyed  C. would destroy  D. was destroyed
 28. It _______ whether she will get