倒装句(高考复习).doc

四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平
倒装句
一、定义：
英语中的基本语序是“主语 + 谓语”，也称为陈述句语序，但在一些句子中，由于语法结构上的需要或“修辞上强调”的需要，把谓语的全部或一部分放在主语前面，这种语序叫做倒装。注意：有些句子由于语法上的需要必须倒装，而有些句子为了修辞上的需要而倒装的句子，如果不是特意强调，则不必倒装。
二、种类：
倒装句分为完全倒装和部分倒装。把谓语的全部放在主语前面的叫做完全倒装，把谓语的一部分（助动词、情态动词或be动词）或表语放在主语前面的叫做部分倒装。如：
Out rushed the little girl. There are different forms of energy. Such an interesting film was it that they were all moved.（完全倒装） Only in this way can we finish the work. Never shall I forget the day. Pretty as she is，she is not clever.（部分倒装）
三、基本用法：
(一)完全倒装的情况：
1、“There be”句型（包括There引导的存在句）即There live /stand /lie /appear /seem /remain /exist等必须倒装。如：
There is a book and two pens on the desk. There came shouts for help from the river.
There lived an emperor many years ago.
2、以时间副词（now，then）及方位副词（here，there，in，up，down，away，off，out等）或介词短语（in the room, on the wall等）开头的句子，用完全倒装表示强调。其句型为“时间副词/方位副词 + 不及物动词 + 主语”，这类句子的谓语动词通常为be，go，come，follow，rush，fly，fall等，并且必须用一般现在时或一般过去时，主语为名词（主语为代词时，主谓不倒装，只把该副词提到句首）。如：
Now comes your turn. There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. Away went the boy. Off went the horses.（主谓倒装） Here you are. Away he went.（主谓不倒装）
3、so修饰形容词或副词，整个修饰部分放在句首时，句子要使用倒装（即句型“so/such...that”）（such修饰名词）。但须注意：
（1）当主句的谓语动词为be时，主句用完全倒装。如：So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it. Such an interesting book is it that they all like reading it.
（2）当主句的谓语动词不是be时，要借助于助动词，主句用部分倒装。如：So funny did she look that everybody burst into laughing. So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.
4、直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首作宾语，且句子主语为名词时，用完全倒装。但注意：当主语为代词、谓语动词后面接了宾语或谓语动词为被动结构时，句子不倒装。如：
“We will have an oral practice tomorrow ,”said the teacher.（倒装） “Please do me a favor，”he said.
“Do you feel better now，”the doctor asked the patient. “What do you mean？”the boy was asked.
5、因为句子主语较长，或为了强调表语，或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，把表语放在句首倒装。其结构为“表语 + 连系动词 + 主语”（即“形容词短语/现在分词/过去分词短语/介词短语 + 连系动词 + 主语”）。如：
Present at the meeting were teachers and students. Hanging on the wall is a splendid picture. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. In front of the door is a dog.
6、句首为介词短语作状语时，用完全倒装使上下文紧密衔接或强调状语。如：
Across the river lies a newly built bridge. They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy. On the ground sleeps a brown cat.
7、Such作表语开头的句型（常译作“这样的人/这样的物”），用完全倒装，谓语动词的单复数由表语决定。如：
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
Such were the facts. Such would be our home in the future.
（二）部分倒装的情况：
1、各种疑问句（疑问词本身不属于主语部分）。注意疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，不倒装。如：Are you against the plan？ What do you like best？ Have you a book？= Do you have a book？（倒装） What makes him think so？ Which team will win？ What's the matter with you？（疑问词作主语，不倒装）
2、so，neither，nor开头的句子，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物时（表示肯定的“也”或否定的“也”，注意此句型前后两句主语不同）。其句型结构为：肯定句“So + be（have/助动词或情态动词）+ 主语”；否定句“Neither/Nor + be（have/助动词/情态动词）+ 主语”。如：
He is a boy. So am I. I have finished my paper. So has he. If he can do it，so can I. I don't care much for sweets. Neither/Nor do I. Will you go home this weekend？----No，and neither will Li Ming.
注意：a、此句型主语后面常常省去与前句相同的部分。 b、“So + 主语 + 动词（be动词/助动词/情态动词）”句型表示对前一句内容的肯定或进一步认可（表示“的确、确实”，注意此句型前后两句主语相同）。如：Jim works hard. So he does.
3、省略if的虚拟条件句时，如果句中含有should, were, had时，可以将should, were, had提到句首而省略if. 其句型结构为“Were/Should/Had + 主语......，主句”（= If + 主语 + were/should/had + .....，主句）。如：
Were I in your position，I would go.= If I were in your position，I would go. Should it rain tomorrow，I should stay at home.= If it should rain tomorrow，I should stay at home.
Had you helped him，he would have succeeded.= If you had helped him，he would have succeeded.
注意：如果if从句是否定句否定词应放在倒装句中的主语之后。如：Were it not for the atmosphere，the stars could be seen shinning at any time.
4、as引导的让步状语从句，常常把表语、状语或动词原形放在句首而主谓不倒装，构成部分倒装句（其中as可以替换成though）。其句型结构为：
形容词（表语） 系动词（be）
名词（表语） + as/though + 主语 + 系动词（be）
动词原形 助动词
副词（状语） 动词
如：Old as/though he is（= Though/Although he is old），he still works hard. Child as/though he is（= Though/Although he is a child），he knows a lot of things.（注意：表语为不带定语的可数名词单数时，其前面的冠词a/an要省去。） Oldest as he is，he doesn't do well in studies.（注意：表语为最高级时，要省去the） Fast as you run（Although you run fast），you can't catch up with him.（注意：被倒装的动词常常为不及物动词，常可以和may，might，will，would等词连用，倒装后这些词位置不变。） Difficult as/though was the task，it was finished in time.（注意：当as/though引导的让步状语从句的主语为名词或主语较长时，可以用完全倒装。） Run as/though he didn't，he cheered the others.
5、“Only + 状语”放在句首时，用部分倒装（状语常为副词、介词短语或状语从句）。Only修饰主语时不倒装。如：Only then did I realize that I was wrong. Only when one lose health does one know its value. Only Mary was invited to the party.（only修饰主语，不倒装）
6、特殊句型：
（1）“No sooner...than...”；“Hardly/Scarcely...when...”（一......就......）；“Not until短语/从句 + 主句”（直到......才......）句型。注意：前两个句型主句的谓语动词多用过去完成时态，从句的谓语动词多用一般过去时态。这三个句型中，than，when，until引导的从句不倒装，主句使用部分倒装。当no sooner，hardly/scarcely，not until不在句首时，句子不倒装。如：
No sooner had he arrived than it began to snow.= Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow. He had hardly/no sooner arrived when/than it began to snow.（用在句中不倒装） Not until midnight did it stop raining.= It didn't stop raining until midnight. Not until he was nine did he go to school.= He didn't go to school until he was nine.
（2）“Not only...but also...”，“Neither...nor...”句型。这两个句型连接两个并列成分时，不倒装；连接两个并列分句时，要部分倒装。如：
Not only he but also I went to the park. Neither you nor I could do it.（连接两个并列成分作主语，不倒装） Not only did he go to the park，but also I went to the park.（只倒装not only分句，不倒装but also分句） Neither was Tom clever，nor was Betty pretty.（neither，nor连接两个并列分句都倒装）
7、含有否定意义的副词、连词或介词短语等开头的句子，用部分倒装。常见的否定词和半否定词有not，not only，not until, not once，nowhere，never，hardly，barely（几乎没有），scarcely，little，seldom，rarely，at no time（从不、决不），not a single word（没有一句话），by no means/under no circumstances/in no circumstances/in no case/in no way/on no consideration（决不、无论如何），in no time（立刻、马上），never before（以前从不）。注意这些词或词组不在句首时，不倒装。如：
By no means should theory be separated from practice. Never have I seen him before. Seldom does he come here. Little did I think that I would fail. Barely does he have enough money to live on. Not until he came back did he go to bed.
8、频度副词（如：often，always，usually，once，many a time，now and then等）放在句首时，用部分倒装。不在句首时，不倒装。如：Many a time has he given us good advice. Often did I warn her not to do so.
9、某些表示祝愿的句子，常用部分倒装；标语口号中，常常用完全倒装。如：May you succeed！= May you all be happy！ Long live the people！
10、在what，how引导的感叹句中，它们修饰的表语、状语、宾语通常置于句首，用倒装。疑问词形式的倒装句，也用倒装。如：
What a nice girl she is！ What a warm welcome they received！ Isn't it wonderful！
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