资源描述
氮沉降对土壤微生物多样性的影响
摘要:氮沉降作为全球变化的重要因素之一,因此了解氮沉降对土壤微生物的影响具有重要意义。本文综述了氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构多样性及功能多样性的影响。综合表现为:①氮沉降使总土壤微生物量、细菌和真菌生物量均下降,降低真菌与细菌生物量比值;②氮沉降会促进或抑制土壤呼吸,对微生物酶活性的影响却还不明确。
关键词:氮沉降;土壤微生物;多样性
Effects of nitrogen deposition on soil microbial diversity
Abstract: Nitrogen deposition is one of the important factors in global change,so it is very important to understand the influence of nitrogen deposition on soil microorganism.The effects of nitrogen deposition on the structural diversity and functional diversity of soil microbial community were reviewed in this paper.The comprehensive performance is as follows:①Total soil microbial biomass,bacterial and fungal biomass decreased and the ratio of fungal and bacterial biomass was decreased with nitrogen deposition;②Nitrogen deposition will promote or inhibit soil respiration, the impact on microbial activity but not clear.
Keywords:nitrogen deposition;soil microbe;diversity
随着化肥的使用和化石燃料的燃烧不断增加等人为活动,使得全球范围内的大气氮沉降日益增加[1] 。2010年人为固氮量为210 Tg,自然固氮量为58 Tg,人为固氮速率已经是自然固氮速率的三倍有余,并且人为固氮总量还将不断增加[2-5]。
在地球上的大多数地方,陆地植物的生长主要受氮的制约。随着氮沉降的日益加重,大气氮沉降量超过了系统的需求,生态系统健康就会受到严重威胁[6] 。氮沉降可以直接或间接通过氮素有效性、土壤pH、土壤C /N、凋落物的质量和数量的变化,以及改变土壤微生物与植物之间的养分分配等方式,从而影响微生物的生长、群落组成和功能多样性[7,8]。
1氮沉降对微生物群落结构多样性的影响
氮沉降会直接或间接影响土壤微生物的种类、数量和微生物量、物种多样性,从而影响微生物群落结构多样性[9]。综合来看,氮沉降会使土壤微生物多样性降低[10-12],减少微生物群落的总生物量并使真菌/细菌比率降低[13-16]。Wallenstein M D等[13]和Demoling等[14]发现施氮后土壤微生物生物量减少,真菌、细菌等生物量均有所下降,真菌生物量下降的程度要比细菌大, 使真菌/细菌的生物量比率随氮输入的增加而减少。也有研究表明氮沉降对真菌/细菌比率没有显著影响,如赵超等[15] 和Liu Kun等[16]在氮添加实验中发现土壤微生物总量均显著下降,细菌、真菌中的量出现了不同程度的下降,但是真菌与细菌的生物量比率没有显著变化。氮沉降对土壤微生物的影响是复杂的,如刘霞等[17]发现氮沉降增加了土壤微生物生物量,细菌、真菌和放线菌等的生物量均增加了;Johnson等[18]在英国高山草地的研究却未发现氮肥添加对土壤微生物生物量的影响,Chandini等[19]对位于落基山脉的针叶林的研究也发现, 氮肥没有对微生物产生影响。因此氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构多样性没有一致的影响。除此之外氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响还有使土壤微生物类群均发生改变[20,21],降低外生菌根丰度[22-25], 增加富营养微生物,减少贫营养微生物[26]等。氮沉降对土壤微生物多样性的影响取决于氮输入水平和土壤氮水平背景[27-29],施氮时间的长短[30]、土层深度[31]、生态系统类型[27]等。
2 氮沉降对微生物功能多样性的影响
氮沉降对土壤微生物酶活性的影响因生态系统、区域分布不同而异[32-36],近年来大多研究表明氮沉降增加可以使纤维素酶活性升高,而抑制木质素降解酶活[37-38,21],然而也有试验发现氮沉降对木质素降解酶没有影响[39]。而各种酶对于氮沉降的响应随酶的类别、施氮水平、施氮时间长短、氮形态等不同而不同[40]。氮沉降还可以改变微生物酶的功能基因和结构[14,20]从而改变土壤微生物的功能多样性。
已有研究表明,氮沉降可以促进[41,42]或抑制[43,44]土壤呼吸。氮沉降对土壤呼吸速率的影响也可能随时间而变化,有研究就发现短期氮沉降可增强土壤呼吸速率,但长期的氮沉降增加则会降低土壤呼吸速率[45]。有研究认为氮沉降加速森林土壤酸化[46],土壤PH值降低,抑制植物根系生长,降低了根生物量[47],抑制了植物根系的活性[58],从而影响土壤呼吸。
3 土壤微生物对氮沉降的响应机制
土壤微生物对氮沉降响应的具体机理正在研究中,目前学者普遍认为,氮沉降可以通过降低土壤pH,改变氮的有效性,改变植物生产力,增加微生物的碳限制,缓解微生物的氮限制,改变底物的数量和质量等途径对土壤微生物产生影响[32-34,26]。由于,氮沉降对土壤微生物的影响的机制是复杂的,是生态系统的一个自我调节的一个过程,目前有限的研究对氮沉降改变土壤微生物多样性的原因还没法进行很好的解释,需要更多的研究验证和发现。
4 问题与展望
4.1研究技术
在研究技术方面,目前的研究水平要量化以上提出的指标可能还存在一些困难,比如传统的稀释平板法等,都只能反映土壤中部分微生物的影响,现在运用较多的PLFA分析法测量精度也有限。随着分子生物技术的发展,越来越多的分子生物技术(如PCR(基础分子鉴定方法)技术、PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制片断长度多态型分析)和PCR-RAPD(随机片段长度多态性)等应用于土壤微生物结构组成和多样性以及土壤酶活性的研究,这样测得的结果更为可靠同时也给我们的研究带来了新的希望。
4.2研究方法
多数模拟氮沉降的方法是直接向研究样地中添加无机氮肥,虽然达到了增加土壤氮素的效果,但是与自然氮沉降有很大不同。有研究发现,大气中的氮沉降在森林生态系统中有相当的一部分被冠层、树干和附生植物截留,冠层树叶很可能对氮有强烈的吸收[52]。到达土壤中的少量无机氮很可能被凋落物中的有机氮库所固定,在短期内土壤中的氮素含量也不会增加[53]。因此,对于模拟氮沉降的方式还需要进一步优化,自然氮沉降梯度试验更能真实地反应氮沉降后的生态效应。
4.3 交互作用
人们往往孤立地分析大气N 沉降对地下生化过程的改变,无法准确全面地评估土壤微生物群落对未来全球变化响应的真实情况。所以整合各种密切关联的全球变化现象进行研究, 将会更全面真实地揭示土壤微生物的响应和适应机制,更准确地预测由此引起的陆地生态系统变化的未来走向。
参考文献:
[1] Galloway J N,Townsend A R,Erisman J W,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends,questions and potential solutions[J].Science,2008,320(5878): 889-892.
[2] Fowler D,Coyle M,Skiba U,et al.The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-firstcentury[J].
PhilosTrans R Soc B,2013,368:20130164.
[3] Vitousek P M,Menge D N L,Reed S C,et al.Biological nitrogen fixation:rates,patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Philos Trans R Soc B,2013,368:20130119.
[4] Canfield D E,Glazer A N,Falkowski P G.The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogencycle[J].
Science,2010,330(6001):192-196.
[5] Lamarque J F,Kiehl J T,Brasseur G P,et al. Assessing futurenitrogen deposition and carbon cycle feedback using a multimodel approach:Analysis of nitrogen deposition[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2005,110(D19303):1-21.
[6] Aber J D,Nadelhoffer K J,Steudler P,et al.Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosys-
tems[J].BioScience,1989,39 (6 ):378-386.
[7] 张乃莉,郭继勋,王晓宇,等.土壤微生物对气候变暖和大气N沉降的响应[J].植物生态学报,2007,31
(2):252-261.
[8] Eisenlord S D,Freedman,Zak D R,et al.Microbial mechanisms mediating increased soil C storage
under elevated atmos pheric N deposition[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2013,79
(4): 1191-1199.
[9] 薛璟花,莫江明,李炯,等.氮沉降增加对土壤微生物的影响[J].生态环境, 2005,14(5):777-782.
[10] Deslippe J R, Hartmann M, Mohn W W, et al.Long-term experimental manipulation ofclimate alters the ectomycorrhizal community of Betulanana in Arctictundra[J].2011,17(4):1625-
1636.
[11] Campbell B J,Polson S W,Hanson T E,et al.The effect of nutrient deposition on bacterial communities in Arctic tundra soil[J].Environmental Microbiology,2010,12(7):1842−1854.
[12] Nemergut D R,Townsend A R,Sattin S R,et al.The effects of chronic nitrogen fertilization on alpine tundra soil microbial communities:implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Environmental Microbiology,2008,10(11):3093−3105.
[13] Wallenstein M D,McNulty S,Fernandez I J.et al. Nitrogen fertilization decreases forest soil fungal and bacterial biomass in three long-term experiments[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,222:459-468.
[14] Demoling F,Nilsson L O,Baath E.Bacterial and fungal responseto nitrogen fertilization in three coniferous forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(2):370-379.
[15] 赵超,王文娟,阮宏华,等.氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].东北大学学报,2015,43(06):83-88.
[13] Treseder K K.Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of ecosystem studies[J].Ecology Letters,2008.11(10):1111-1112.
[14] Freedman,Zachary B,Romanowicz,et al.Differential responses of total and active soil micro-
bial communities to long-term experimental N deposition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,
2015,90:275-282.
[14] 何亚婷,齐玉春,董云社,等.外源氮输入对草地土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 2010,25(8): 877−885.
[15] Schmidt S K,Lipson D A,Ley R E,et al.Impacts of chronic nitrogen additions vary seasonally and by microbial functional group in tundra soils[J].Biogeochemistry, 2004, 69(1):1−17.
[16] Liu K.and D.Crowley.Nitrogen deposition effects on carbon storage and fungal:bacterial ratios in coastal sage scrub soils of southern California[J].Journal of Environmental Qaulity,2009,38:2267–2272.
[17] 刘彩霞, 焦如珍,董玉红,等.应用PLFA方法分析氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].林业科学,2015,51(06):155-162.
[18] Johnson D,Leake J R,Read D J.Liming and nitrogen fertilization affects phosphatase activities,microbial biomass and mycorrhizal colonisation in upland grassland[J].Plant and Soil, 2005,271(1/2):157−164.
[19] Chandini M T,Dennis P. Microbial activity,nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Canadian Rocky Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,159:187−201.
[20] Compton J E,WATRUDA L S,PORTEOUSA L A,et al.Response of soil microbial biomass and community composition to chronic nitrogen additions at Harvard forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196:143-158.
[21] Frey S D,Knoor M,Parrent J L,et al.Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,196:159-171.
[22] Treseder K K.A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen,phosphorus,and atmospheric CO2 in field studies[J].New Phytologist,2004,164(2):347-355.
[23] Kjller R,Nilsson L O,Hansen K,et al.Dramatic changes inectomycorrhizal community compo-
sition,root tip abundance andmycelial production along a stand-scale nitrogen deposition gradient[J].New Phytologist,012,194(1):278-286.
[24]薛璟花,莫江明,李炯,等.氮沉降对外生菌根真菌的影响[J].生态学报,2004(8): 1789-1796.
[25]Van Diepen L T A,Lilleskov E A,Pregitzer K S,et al.Simulated nitrogen deposition causes a decline of intra-and extraradical abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and changes in microbial community structure in Northern Hardwood forests[J].Ecosystems,2010,13(5):
683-695.
[26] Fierer N,Lauber C L,Ramirez K S,et al.Comparative metagenomics,phylogenetic and physiological analyses of soil microbial communities across nitrogen gradients[J].The ISME Journal,2012,6(5):1007−1017.
[27] 刘蔚秋,刘滨扬,王江,等.不同环境条件下土壤微生物对模拟大气氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,2010,
30(7):1691-1698.
[28] 薛璟花,莫江明,李炯,等.土壤微生物数量对模拟氮沉降增加的早期响应[J].广西植物,2007,27
(2):174-179,202.
[29] Yevdokimov I,Gattinger A,Buegger F,et al.Changes in microbial community structure in soil as a result of different amounts of nitrogen fertilization[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,44(8):1103-1106.
[30] Van Diepen L T A,Lilleskov E A,Pregitzer K S,et al.Simulated nitrogen deposition causes a decline of intra-and extraradical abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and changes in microbial community structure in Northern Hardwood forests[J].Ecosystems,2010,13(5): 683-695.
[31] Jun Zeng,Xuejun Liu, Ling Song,et al. Nitrogen fertilization directly affects soil bacterial diversity and indirectly affects bacterial community composition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,92:41-49.
[32] 宋学贵,胡庭兴,鲜俊仁,等.川南天然常绿阔叶林土壤酶活性特征及其对模拟N沉降的响应[J].生态学报, 2009, 29(3):1234-1240.
[33] 黄玉梓,樊后保,李燕燕,等.氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤呼吸与土壤纤维素酶活性的影响[J].福建林学院学报, 2009, 29(2):120-124.
[34] 杜红霞,刘增文,潘开文, 等.外源性C、N干扰对森林土壤酶活性的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2006, 21(2):35 -38.
[35] 涂利华,胡庭兴,张健,等.华西雨屏区苦竹林土壤酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(12): 2943-2948.
[36] Gerdol R,Bragazza L,Brancaleoni L.Microbial nitrogency cling interacts with exogenous nitrogen supply in affecting growth of Sphagnum papillosum[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany , 2006,57: 1 -8.
[37] 赵玉涛,李雪峰,韩士杰,等.不同氮沉降水平下两种林型的主要土壤酶活性[J].应用生态学报, 2008,19(12): 2769-2773.
[38] Gallo M,Amonette R,Lauber C,et al.Microbial community structure and oxidative enzyme activity in nitrogen-amended north temperate forest soils[J].Microbial Ecology,2004,8(2): 218-229.
[39] Zeglin L H,Stursova M,Sinsabaugh R L,et al.Microbial responses to nitrogen addition in three contrasting grassland ecosystems[J].Oecologia,2007,154(2):349-359.
[40] 林娜,刘勇,李国雷,等, 森林土壤酶研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2010,4(04):21-25.
[41]涂利华,戴洪忠,胡庭兴,等.模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区撑绿杂交竹林土壤呼吸的影[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(4):829-836.
[42] 涂利华,胡庭兴,黄立华,等.华西雨屏区苦竹林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的响应[J].植物生态学报,2009,33(4):728-738.
[43]张徐源,闫文德,马秀红,等.模拟氮沉降对樟树人工林土壤呼吸的短期效应[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(3):109-113.
[44] 黄玉梓,樊后保,李燕燕,等.氮沉降对杉木人工林生长及林下植被碳库的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009(4): 1407 -1412.
[45] 刘盛梅,姜清成,李芸.华西雨屏区巨桉中龄林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的响应[J].四川林业科技,2010,6(3):31-37.
[46] 肖辉林.大气氮沉降对森林土壤酸化的影响[J].林业科学,2001,37(4):111-116.
[47] 贾淑霞,王政权,梅莉,等.施肥对落叶松和水曲柳人工林土壤呼吸的影响[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3):372-379.
[48] Persson H,Ahlstrm K,Clemensson-Lindell A.Nitrogen addition and removal at nitrogen effects on fine-root growth and fine-root chemistry[J].Forest Ecol.Manag,1998,101:199-206.
[49] Kennedy N, Brodie E, Connolly J,et al.Impact of lime,nitrogen and plant species on bacterial community structure in grassland microcosms[J].Environmental Microbiology,2004,6(10):1070-
1080.
[50] Steenwerth K L,Jackson L E,Calderón F J,et al.Soil microbial community composition and land use history in cultivated and grassland ecosystems of coastal California[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(11):1599-1611.
[51] Bååth E,Anderson T H.Comparison of soil fungal/bacterial ratios in a pH gradient using physiological and PLFA-based techniques[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(7):955
-963.
[52] Avis P G,Mueller G M,Lussenhop J. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in two North American oak forests respond to nitrogen addition[J].New Phytologist,2008,179(2):472-483.
[53] Rossi S,Bordeleau A,Morin H,et al.The effects of N-enriched rain and warmer soil on the ectomycorrhizae of black spruce remain inconclusive in the short term[J].Annals of Forest Science,2013,70(8): 825-834.
展开阅读全文