焊机装配与固定---金字塔原则标准翻译.doc

· 㜀⬀Ѐ湉瑳污慬楴湯
· 焊机装配固定

· For fixing of straight tubes of C1, F1, U2 and U4, directly secure special track against main tube surface, and then install welding machine on the track.
· 为固定C1,F1,U2和U4直管,应立即确保特殊轨道脱离主要管道表面,然后在轨道上安装焊接机。

· For fixing of bend side welds of C4, F4, U1 and U6, firstly fasten special anchor ear against tube surface, then install track on anchor ear, at last install the front of welding machine on the track.
· 为解决C4,F4,U1和U6的弯侧焊缝,首先将特殊桩环脱离管道表面,然后在桩环上安装追踪器，最后在轨道上安装焊接机前身。

· Spot welding
· 点焊

· Standard parameters of spot welding refer to the requirements of data package.
· 点焊的标准参数要参考包装要求的数据。

· Evenly divide the tube into six spots as a clock, then apply spot welding with automatic welding machine in a symmetrical manner, with length of each section around 20~30 mm. Welding sequence is detailed as:
· 管平分成六个点作为一个记录点,然后运用点焊与自动焊接机在一个对称的方式进行的,每个部分的长度大约20 ~ 30毫米。焊接顺序是详细的为:
· Spot Welding Sequence for Main tube
· 主要管的点焊序列为

· Pair tooling must not be removed after and during spot welding.
· 在点焊过程中或结束后，这对工具不能被移除。

· Layout of measuring points for welding shrinkage
· 为焊接收缩设计量测点

· Layout of measuring points for welding shrinkage is shown as Fig. 4:
· 焊接收缩量测点设计见图4：

· Sketch for Layout of measuring points for Weld Shrinkage of Main tube
· 主要管道的焊接收缩量测点的设计草图

· Shrinkage measurement will be performed after automatic spot welding and deposit metal depth is respectively 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of joint filling quantity, with data and measurement time documented in detail.
· 自动点焊后将进行收缩测量，沉积金属厚度应分别是填缝量的10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and和100%，对数据和测量时间进行详细记录。

· 150 mm from both ends of the tube will be marked at up, down, left and right positions that serve as reference points for measurement, interval of measuring points will be measured with calibrated qualified vernier caliper, and holes will be also punched.
· 作为测量参考点在管道两端上、下、左、右位置标记150毫米，测量点的间隔将用合格的游标卡尺校准,并打上孔。

· Welding
· 焊接

· TIG automatic welding for main tube includes backing, filling and covering and shall be applied strictly according to welding data package prepared. No welding beyond regulation is not permitted.
· 对主要管道的氩弧焊自动焊接包括衬垫、填充和覆盖，也可适用严格按照焊接数据准备方案。超出规定的焊接是不允许的

· During welding process, regulation can be approached by changing arc starting position and local increasing weld bead per monitoring upon deformation situation. At one proper time when C4/F4 welding has been finished 50% or so, if C1/F1 is ready, paring and spot welding can be performed at once.
· 在焊接过程中,可以通过改变电弧起始位置来接近调节或在监控变形情况下局部增加焊缝。在当C4 / F4焊接已经完成了50%左右一个适当的时间,如果C1 ,C4,F1已经准备好焊接了,去皮和点焊可以立刻执行。

· Welding can be started after it is inspected qualified. When C4/F4 is welded to 50%, welds of C1, C4, F1 and F4 can be welded to 100% at the same time;
· 当C4 / F4是焊接到50%,C1,C4、F1和F4的焊缝可以在同一时间焊接到100%时;检查合格后可以启动焊接。

· Interpass temperature of weld bead shall be ≤100℃.
· 焊缝的层间温度应≤100℃

· Positions for arc starting and ending of neighboring weld beam will be staggered at least 30 mm.
· 起弧和尾弧的邻近焊接点将交错至少30毫米。

· Welding inspection
· 焊接检验

· Dimension and roughness of grooves to be welded, especially site processed grooves, must satisfy the design.
· 焊接凹槽的尺寸和粗糙度,特别是现场加工的凹槽,必须满足设计
· Weld groove surface to be welded and neighboring edge area of main tube shall be within sufficient width scope, present one final surface state that satisfy the requirements of NDT of weld joint.
· 焊缝坡口表面和主要管邻近边缘区的焊接应在足够的宽度范围内,现在最后一个表面状态应满足焊缝的无损检测的要求。
· PT examination must be performed on the grooves to be welded prior to welding as well as root weld bead after backing.
· 液体渗透检测必须遵循优先焊接坡口,而且在衬垫之后焊接焊缝的原则
· Defects, if any, must be removed, repair welding is then performed according to welding technical conditions. The repair area shall be inspected again with same examination approach after polishing, and pair welding of main tube can be applied only after above-stated welding is accepted.
· 如有任何缺陷，根据焊接技术要求，必须实施移除和修补焊接，在抛光后以相同的检验方法应再次检查修复面积，只有在上述焊接被接受后才可应用主要管道的修补焊接。

· After operation of each layer of weld bead, welding operator will perform self examination, use stainless steel wire brush or special tool to get rid of loose mill scale, and eliminate welding defect and hidden trouble.
· 每层焊缝修补后,焊接操作者将执行自我检查,使用不锈钢钢丝刷或特殊工具去除松散的氧化皮、消除焊接缺陷和隐患。

· Perform four RT examinations at 15 mm, 50%, 75% and 100% of each joint depth and then PT examination.
· 用四种射线探伤检测每个关口深度在15毫米,50%,75%和100%，然后进行液体渗透检测

· Repair welding For more information, see TIG Automatic Repair Welding Scheme for Narrow Gap of Main tube, ZDH-2008-020.
· 有关补焊更多信息,请参见窄隙主要管的钨极氩弧焊自动修复焊接方案zdh - 2008 - 020。

· Local weld defect can be polished with angle grinding machine, however, entire weld needs to be removed whenever weld defect goes beyond the provisions, and special repair equipment may be used for entire ring cutting.
· 局部焊缝缺陷可以用角磨机打磨,然而,每当焊缝缺陷超出了规定整个焊缝需要移除而且特殊修理设备可用于整个环切。
· Slot developed from local polishing or entire ring cutting shall present smooth transition and no sharp edges or corners are allowed. Slot for automatic repair welding shall avoid forming large angle to welding direction at same side and allow automatic arc pressure regulation of welding machine to perform accommodation.
· 从局部抛光或整个环切发展来的狭槽应呈现顺利渡过，不允许有尖锐的边缘或拐角，用于自动修补焊接的狭槽应避免在焊接方向的同一面形成大的角度，允许焊接机的自动电弧电压调节执行调节功能。

· PT examination is required after defect removal and RT examination may be required as well to verify that defect has been removed where necessary. Repair welding can be performed only after the examinations pass, followed by appropriate PT and RT examination.
· 缺陷移除后仍需要液体渗漏检测而且移除的缺陷也有必要要用射线探伤检验。只有当检测通过后补焊后才可以执行,接着是适当的液体渗漏检测和射线探伤检测。

· What is the Pyramid Principle?
· 什么是金字塔原则？ 
· Description
· 定义
· Barbara Minto's Pyramid Principle is a hierarchically structured thinking and communication technique that can be used to precede good structured writing.
· 芭芭拉Minto的金字塔原则是具有分层结构的思维和沟通技巧,可以用来在写作之前将其良好的结构化。
· The Minto Pyramid Principle assumes that you already know how to write good sentences and paragraphs.
· Minto的金字塔原理是假设您已经知道如何写出好的句子和段落。
· It concentrates instead on the thinking process that should precede the writing.
· 它应集中在思考的过程中,而不是在写作之前。  
· The core of Minto's thinking method is to group Ideas in a presenter's thought process into small clusters that support the main Thesis in increasing detail (granularity).
· Minto思想方法的核心是集合一个提出者的思考过程中的想法再分到小集群中,这些小集群在增加的细节(粒度)中支持主要的观点
· See the picture on the right.
· 见右图。
· Supporting arguments can be based on:
· 可以根据如下支持的论点： 
· Inductive reasoning:
· 归纳推理:
· thinking process in which the premises of an argument support the conclusion but do not ensure it.
· 思维过程中,论点的前提是为支持结论,但不能确保它的准确性。
· Each of the elements in row two of the pyramid answers a question (e.g.why, how, how do you know) about the thesis above it.
· 金字塔第二排上的每个元素可回答论文上面的一个问题(例如。为什么,怎么样,你怎么知道)。
· Deductive reasoning:
· 演绎推理:
· thinking process in which the conclusion is necessitated by previously known facts.
· 思维过程中,因先前已知事实，结论已被确定了。
· One element logically leads to the next.
· 在逻辑上，一个元素引出了下一个。
· The best way to make any point or argument, says Barbara, is to structure the thinking in this way.
· 芭芭拉说,提出任何观点或论点最好的方法是用这种模式将思维结构化。 
· The method explains how to use the SCQ Framework (Situation, Complication, Question, Answer) to determine precisely the Idea you want communicate and the order in which you should make your points:
· 该方法解释了如何使用SCQ框架(情况、并发症、问题,回答)来准确地确定你想要沟通的想法和你的观点的顺序,:
· A common Situation is that knowledge workers must quickly produce a text about a complex issue.
· 一个常见的情况是,知识工作者对于这样一个复杂的问题必须快速地生成一个文本。
· An example of a Complication of the above Situation is that the creators of these texts have a tendency to get side tracked.
· 上述情况的一个复杂示例是--这些文本的创作者有离题的倾向。
· Also they have limited time available.
· 他们可用时间也有限。
· And the readers hate thick reports.
· 而且读者也讨厌厚厚的报告。
· The Question thus becomes:
· 问题就变成了:
· how can short, concise, and clear reports be created in a short timeframe?
· 怎么才可以在短时间内创造精短,简洁又清晰的报告呢？ 
· The Answer is the technique provided by Minto.
· 答案就是Minto提出的这项技术。 
· Origin of the Pyramid Principle.
· 金字塔原则的起源。
· History
· 历史
· Barbara Minto developed The Minto Pyramid Principle through her early work as a consultant at McKinsey & Company, Inc.
· 芭芭拉Minto通过她的早期作为在麦肯锡有限公司的一个顾问的工作发展了金字塔原理  
· Usage of the Pyramid Principle.
· 金字塔原则的用法
· Applications
· 应用程
· The technique is most useful for those people in an organization who must write analytical documents, on the basis of which senior managers must make decisions.
· 这个技术对于一个组织中那些在高级管理者必须做出决定基础上，必须写出分析文件的人最有用。
· Probably those senior managers complain that it takes too long to get to the point.
· 可能那些高级经理抱怨说,得到观点花费的时间太长了,
· The model applies to every type of writing in which your purpose is to present your thinking to the reader - from 1-page memos to 50-page reports to 300 page books, from simple slide presentations to multi-media expositions.
· 该模型适用于各种类型的写作——从单页备忘录到五十页的报告再到300页的书,从简单的幻灯片到多媒体展览会，你的目的就是向读者展示你思想。
· Specifically, it helps its user to:
· 具体地说,它有助于其用户:
· Think creatively, reason lucidly, and express ideas with clarity.
· 创造性思考，原因明确，思路清晰地表达想法
· Define complex problems and establish the objectives of any document.
· 复杂的问题下定义，建立任何文档的具体目标。
· Assess ideas and recognize their relative importance.
· 评估思想,认识他们的相对重要性。
· Structure reasoning into a coherent and transparent argument.
· 结构推理成一个连贯的透明的论点。  
· Analyze the argument to confirm its effectiveness.
· 分析论据并确认其有效性。