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以下是大学英语四六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题:
中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日,在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival),即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异,但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets),对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。
首先,这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多,比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等,这些词有的比较抽象,有的不太常见,或者有的是中国特有的说法,英文中没有明确对应的词,考生在翻译时应该抓住词的根本意思。其次,长句也较多,考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺,不仅需要单词量和单词拼写过关,还需要掌握语法,分析句子成分,学会中英文转换的技巧。如果说原来的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译,将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话,那么现在的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础,扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握,与之前考查的句子翻译完全不同了。最后,从选材范围来看,文章内容多是有关中国的,也符合大学英语教学中要求学生走出去的教学目的,考生应多关注有关中国国情介绍的英文文章,以便积累相关词汇和表达。
二、翻译技巧
为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型,我们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析,帮助考生掌握翻译技巧和要点。
(一) 词的翻译
1.词义选择
所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。
例1 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。
译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.
分析:“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭,为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯,这里用的是annual reunion dinner,理解起来更容易。
例2 原文:人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)……
译文:And doors will be decorated with red couplets...
分析:原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗,如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图,因此这里用了“decorate”,表意更直接。
2.词类转换
词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中,适当转换词性,可以使译文更符合英语表达习惯。
(1)动词→名词
汉语中动词使用比较频繁,而且动词既没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反,英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原来应该由动词表达的概念,常需借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚,使用相对灵活、方便。
例: 原文:各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
译文: Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.
分析:原句中“欢度”是动词,但是如果译文中也用动词来表达,则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦,不够整洁,所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达,使得整个句子更匀称、清晰。
(2)动词→介词
介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的,具有动词的特征。因此,汉译英时,有些动词可以用介词来表达。
例: 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。
译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.
(3)动词→形容词
汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达,这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词,这样的译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。
例: 原文:在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。
译文:It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
(4)形容词或副词→名词
由于语法结构和修辞的需要,汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。
例: 原文:……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
译文: ...leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.
(5)名词→动词
有些情况下,汉语的名词由英语的动词表达,此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
例: 原文:各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
译文:Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.
分析:原文中“差异”为名词,为了符合英文的表达习惯,译文中转换为了动词“vary”,原文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”,使译文更生动。
3.词的增补
(1)语法需要
由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分,增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。
例: 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。
译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.
分析:英语中用得最多的介词有at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带,在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时,要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。另外,译文中增译“an occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用,使得除夕夜的作用更加突出,彰显了中国人对于除夕夜的重视。
(2)意思表达需要
例: 原文:这是黄河滩上的一幕。
译文:This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.
分析:在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时,增译taking place短语,使译文表达更为生动贴切。
(3)文化背景解释的需要
中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。因此,在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法,把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。
例: 原文:三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。
译文:The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.
4.词的减省
所谓词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通畅。
例: 原文:为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。。
译文:It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and bring in good luck.
分析:删减了原句中的“进行”一词。
5.词的替代
重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段,虽然英语中也用重复,但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润饰。汉语以重复见长,英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时,可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
(二)句的翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心,以词组、散句和分句为手段,习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表述,其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”,甚至断句不严,外形松散,因此汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构,主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语则以“主——谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分,句界分明,外形严谨。因此在汉译英时,译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体现出英语的特点。如果是单句,首先应当确立句子的主干及句型,如果是复杂的句子或长句,则需要确立中心,根据上下文进行句子组合,可以译为并列句、主从复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等)、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。这是汉译英的第一步,也是正确译文的基础。
1.确立主干
在汉译英时,不管汉语句子如何复杂,首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换,可以组合,但不能突破。组织英语句子时,始终不能脱离“主——谓”主干这一总的框架,然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等),增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。比如,第二句“新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival),即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。”中文原文句子较长,翻译成英文时要将主干分离出来。本句的主干是“庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节”,用“run from...to...”来表达,是一个主谓结构的句子。在抓出主干之后,还需要把句子里面的其他成分分别转换成英文里面的状语、定语、同位语等成分,将“农历最后一个月的最后一天”和“新年第一个月的第十五天”分别转换为“除夕”的同位语和“元宵节”的定语。
2.语序调整
(1)定语的位置
汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分两种:前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语前;而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。
(2)状语的位置
汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面,但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况:单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时,可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时,多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时,可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。
(3)汉英叙事重心不同
汉语先叙事,然后表态或评论,以此来突出话题,这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论,而后再叙事,以突出主语。
(4)强弱词语的顺序不同
表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时,汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面,基本原则是前轻后重,前简后繁。
除了上面的技巧外,还要注意段落的衔接。段落的衔接是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面的关联,即段落的各个部分的排列和衔接要符合逻辑。汉语和英语在衔接手法上迥异。汉语常用省略 (如主语和连接词)和重复的手段,依靠句与句之间内在的隐性逻辑关系体现段落的连贯;而英语则常用连接词 (如连词、关系代词、关系副词)、替代词、指称语 (如人称代词及相应的物主代词)、特有的冠词实现衔接,体现出段落内的语篇性。
考试范围由“校园文化、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业”改为“校园文化、社会生活、餐饮娱乐、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业、新兴学科发展、中国传统文化”,其中亮点就是新增了难度较大的文化领域。
为此,针对传统文化,需要掌握以下文化语句的通用表达,必背16句!
一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中,龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.
二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装,他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间,人们一旦听到锣鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来,中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队,队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康,同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城,就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔,或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说:“不到长城非好汉。”实际上,长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙,直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而,今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关,西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.
四、Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括: 1) 擀皮、2) 备馅、3) 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩,味道鲜美,形状独特,百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗,寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说,“更岁交子”吃饺子,更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
五、Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论,针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血,来达到阴阳归于平衡,使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位,或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位,以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势,流传至今并传播到了世界,与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.
中国功夫即中国武术,是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目,承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说,同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多,讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修,蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺,主要指:徒手拳艺,如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等;器械功夫,如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “/”( the left-falling stroke), “\” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).
汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画,经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文,被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后,汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“, 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画,即:横、竖、撇、捺、折。
八、Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.
中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸,它看似简单,但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物,如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同,成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
九、Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.
印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓,而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载,印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成,形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖,除日常应用外,又多用于书画题识,逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十、Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Bra
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