英国历史简介幻灯片ppt.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英国历史简介,1,大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland-UK,2,3,国旗,为,“,米,”,字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色,“,米,”,字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。,4,国徽：,The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom,即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为,“,恶有恶报,”,；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着,“,天有上帝，我有权利,”,。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。,5,国歌：,上帝保佑女王,god save the queen,（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为,god save the king,）,国花：玫瑰花,国鸟：红胸鸽,国石：钻石,6,Sovereign:,Queen Elizabeth II(1952),伊丽莎白二世的头衔全称为“承上帝洪恩，,大不列颠,及北爱尔兰联合王国与其属土及领地之女皇伊丽莎白二世，英联邦,元首,，（,基督教,）信仰的保护者,(Elizabeth the Second,by the Grace of God,of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen,Head of the Commonwealth,Defender of the Faith)”,。,7,她于,1952,年,2,月,6,日加冕，,是目前在位时间第二长的国家元首,她的父亲约克公爵是,乔治五世的第二个儿子，,他当时并不是王位的继承人,1936,年 伊丽莎白的伯父,爱德华八世,退位。,乔治六世,年月日，她与远房表兄、,希腊和丹麦亲王菲利普,蒙巴顿中尉,（现为爱丁堡公爵，菲利普亲王）订婚，,同年月日结婚。,8,女王是英国世袭国家元首，除英国外，女王同时也是澳大利亚、新西亚、加拿大等国家的元首。,伊丽莎白二世有三子一女。长子,查尔斯王子,为王位,继承人、次子安德鲁、三子爱德华、女儿艾丽斯,路易丝公主。,9,英国威廉王子（,Prince William,）和未婚妻凯特,米德尔顿（,Kate Middleton,）今年,4,月,29,日即将大婚，不仅新闻媒体高度关注，美国的有线电视台也纷纷开拍描写两人爱情故事的电视剧。,10,Prime Minister,David Cameron,戴维,卡,梅伦,1966,年,10,月,9,日出生于,伦敦,，家境富裕，,他是英国近二百年来最年轻的首相。戴维,卡梅伦出生在一个英国贵族家庭，是国王,威廉四世,的直系后裔。,他先后就读于伊顿公学、牛津大学。,卡梅伦,的政治生涯并不长，,2001,年他首,次当选议会下院议员，,2003,年进入保守党影子内,阁，,2005,年,12,月,6,日，,39,岁的卡梅伦高票当选,保守党领袖。在任职之时，他表示将改革保守党。,11,在,2010,年大选中，卡梅伦打出,“,为变革而投票,”,的口号，抓住选民,“,求变,”,的心理，希望可以由他领导保守党取代工党政府，打造新英国。,接任首相职务后，卡梅伦表示，他和自由民主党领导人,克莱格,将抛开政党分歧，为公众和国家的利益而努力工作。为此，他将与,自民党,结成联盟，组建一个,“,强大而稳定的政府,”,。卡梅伦说，他将着手解决英国面临的财政赤字、社会问题以及重建对英国政治体制的信任等难题。他希望能带领人民克服困难，开辟更美好的未来。,12,Land area:,93,278 sq mi(241,590 sq km);,total area:,94,526 sq mi(244,820 sq km),Population(2006 est.):,60,609,153,13,Languages:,English,Welsh,Scots Gaelic,盖尔语,Ethnicity/race:,English 83.6%,Scottish 8.6%,Welsh 4.9%;Northern Irish 2.9%,black 2%,Indian 1.8,Pakistani 1.3%,mixed 1.2%,other 1.6%(2001),Religions:,Christian 71.6%,Muslim 2.7%,Hindu 1%,other 1.6%,unspecified or none 23.1%(2001),14,A significant role of London,1.,capital city,2.,in the south;largest city in the country;1/7 of the nation,s population,3.,culture center,4.,business center,5.,financial center,one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world(another two are New York and Hong Kong),6.,long-standing historical role in the UK,Capital and largest city(2003 est.):,London,7,429,200,15,Other large cities:,Glasgow,格拉斯哥,;Birmingham,伯明翰,;Liverpool,利物浦,;Edinburgh,爱丁堡,;Leeds,利兹,;Bristol,布里斯托尔,;Manchester,曼彻斯特,;Bradford,布莱德福德,16,Geography,自然地理：位于欧洲西部的岛国。由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和一些小岛组成。隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。海岸线总长公里。全境分为四部分：英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河（公里）和泰晤士河（公里）。属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，终年温和湿润。通常最高气温不超过，最低气温不低于，平均气温月，月。多雨雾，秋冬尤甚。每年二月至三月最为干燥，十月至来年一月最为湿润。,17,History,Early Settlement(-55 BC),1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians,，,dark-haired Mediterranean race.,人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。,More dramatic monuments were the henges,the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire.,更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，其中最重要的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。,18,巨石阵,又称,索尔兹伯里石环,、,环状列石,、,太阳神庙,、,史前石桌,、,斯通亨治石栏,、,斯托肯立石圈,等名，是,欧洲,著名的史前,时代,文化,神庙,遗址，位于,英格兰,威尔特郡,索尔兹伯里平原,，约建于公元前,4000,2000,年（,2008,年,3,月至,4,月，英国考古学家研究发现，巨石阵的准确建造年代距今已经有,4300,年，即建于公元前,2300,年左右）,19,这个巨大的石建筑群位于一个空旷的原野上，占地大约,11,公顷，主要是由许多整块的蓝砂岩组成，每块约重,50,吨。巨石阵不仅在,建筑学,史上具有重要的地位，在天文学上也同样有着重大的意义：它的主轴线、通往石柱的古道和,夏至,日早晨初升的,太阳,，在同一条线上；另外，其中还有两块石头的连线指向冬至日落的方向。因此，人们猜测，这很可能是远古人类为观测,天象,而建造的，可以算是,天文台,最早的雏形了。巨石阵最不可思议的是石阵中心的巨石，这些巨石最高的有,8,米，平均重量近,30,吨，然而人们惊奇的发现，有不少重达,7,吨的巨石是横架在两根竖着的石柱上的。,英国,索尔兹伯里,是一座历史古城，距英国首都,伦敦,120,多公里，在这座古城的附近有一个小村庄叫阿姆斯伯里，史前巨石阵就坐落在这里。,20,2.The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe,they came to Britain in three main waves:the first wave was the Gaels,the second was Britons and the third was Belgae.,凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧，他们入侵英国分三次高潮：第一次是盖尔人；第二次是布立吞人；第三次是比利其人。,21,The Gaels-modern Scots and Irish,Britons-gave their name to the whole island,22,Roman Britain(55 BC-410),Julius Caesar,the great roman general,invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under roman occupation.,恺撒,将近,400,年，英国人处于罗马的占领下。,I come.I see.I conquer.,23,The Romans built a great wall to keep the Scots.The Hadrians wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle.,罗马人修建了长城以抵御苏格兰人。哈德良长城从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔,.,公元,2,世纪建造的英国哈德良长城是一道巨大的屏障。逶迤于英格兰北部绵绵的哈德良长城全长,120,公里，约,4.5,米高，,2.5-3,米宽，用约,75,万立方米的石头砌成，即便按典型的罗马帝国宏伟标准来衡量，它仍是一项惊人的雄心勃勃的建筑工程。,Hadrians Wall,24,Anglo-Saxon Times(446-871),In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons,and Angles came to Britain,they were three Germanic tribes.,五世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵英国。这是三支日尔曼部落。,Angle-land-England,25,In 597,pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Augustine was remarkably successfully in converting the king and the nobility.597,年，教皇格里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰，使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，圣奥古斯廷特别成功。,26,The Danish Invasion,.Alferd,king of Wessex,was strong enough to defeat the Danes.He is known as the,“,father of Britain navy,”,.,the impact,King Alfred the Great,27,The Normans,North-man Normandy,英格兰国王忏悔者爱德华（,1042,1066,年在位）是威廉的表兄弟，没有子嗣，据说在,1051,年威廉访英时曾答应让威廉继承他的王位。,Harold,哈罗德,the Battle of Hastings,Duke William of Normandy,1066,William the Conqueror,28,当威廉准备好了渡海作战的人员物资之后，万事俱备，只欠西南风，却一直盼不到，耽搁了四十多天。后来的历史证明，正是这四十多天的等待，改变了力量的对比，使胜负天平偏向威廉一方,当时另一个英格兰王位的,挑战,者,克努特大帝的后代、挪威国王哈拉尔三世率先在英格兰北部登陆，正在南部沿海守候威廉的哈罗德，被迫挥师北上迎战。当,9,月,28,日，盼到西南风的威廉大军在英格兰南部登陆之时，遇到的是刚刚击败了挪威国王，疲惫不堪且减员严重的哈罗德军队。,10,月,14,日著名的黑斯廷斯战役，哈罗德及两个弟弟均战死疆场，威廉大获全胜。威廉随即率军直逼伦敦，于是年圣诞节加冕为英格兰国王，开始了诺曼王朝的统治（,1066,1135,年）,William I of England,29,The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history.Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established.,诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起来,30,English-language of the common people,French-language of the aristocracy,31,Medieval England,1.the Crusades,十字军东征,a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns,waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe,particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire to restore Christian control of the Holy Land(Jerusalem),were fought over a period of nearly 200 years,between 1095 and 1291.Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century.,King Richard Lion-Heart Robin Hood,32,King John,the Magna Carta,Great Charter,大宪章,1215,the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects,the feudal barons,in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.,33,In 1282,Wales prince Llywelyn was killed during Edward I of Englands invasion of Wales,Prince of Wales,34,2.the Hundred Years War(13371453),Joan of Arc;the effective use of guns,圣女贞德,35,3.the Black Death,黑死病,(1348,1349),Killed between one half and one third of the population of England,During the next 50 years,reduced England,s population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14,th,century.,36,4.the Wars of the Roses,玫瑰之战,(1455,1485),the House of Lancaster,red rose;the House of York,white rose;practically extinguished feudalism in England,37,Henry VIII,Catherine of Aragon,-Mary,the Catholic Church;the Protestant Church,Anne Boleyn,-Elizabeth,38,Jane Seymour-Edward,Anne of Cleves,Catherine Howard,Catherine Parr,divorced,beheaded,died,divorced,beheaded,survived,39,Edward VI,Mary I,Bloody Mary,40,The Elizabethan Age 1558,1603,Elizabeth I;,Literature-Shakespeare,Spenser,Francis Bacon,Thomas More,Adventure of the sea,the Armada,无敌舰队,Sir Francis Drake,41,即位时,英格兰,处于内部因,宗教,分裂的混乱状态，但她不但成功地保持了英格兰的统一，而且在经过近半个世纪的统治后，使英格兰成为,欧洲,最强大，富有的国家之一。英格兰文化也在此期间达到了一个顶峰，涌现出了诸如许多著名的人物，桂冠诗人,爱德蒙,史宾沙,将,仙后,献给她；,法兰西斯,德瑞克,爵士在其任内成为第一个环航地球的,英国人,；,弗兰西斯,培根,爵士发表了他对,哲学,与,政治,的观点；,沃尔特,罗利爵士,和,韩弗理,吉伯特爵士,在,北美,建立了,英国殖民地,。她的统治期在,英国历史,上被称为,“,伊丽莎白时期,”,，亦称为,“,黄金时代,”,。,42,Mary,Queen of Scots,6 days old when her father died,and she was crowned nine,months later,Francis II,widowed,returned to,Scotland,married her first cousin,Henry Stuart,Lord Darnley,friendship with her private secretary,David Rizzio,Murdered,married,James Hepburn,4th Earl,of Bothwell,abdicate,in favour of her,one-year-old son,James VI,After 19 years in custody,she was tried and executed for,treason,43,The Stuart family,James VI of Scotland,James I of England,Guy Fawkes,Day,The Gunpowder Plot of 1605,A secret plan to overthrow the king.Guy Fawkes,thirty six barrels of gunpowder,On the night of November 5th,throughout Britain,commemorate the capture of Guy Fawkes with bonfires and fireworks,and by burning an effigy of Guy,44,The Civil Wars,Charles I;,the Roundheads,圆颅党人,Puritans,；,Oliver Cromwell;,the Cavaliers,保皇党人,the execution of the king,the Commonwealth,共和政体,(1649,1660),45,The Restoration and the,“,Glorious Revolution,”,王政复辟和光荣革命,(1688),Charles II,James II,William and Mary in Holland,William II and Mary II(1688,1702),46,the eighteenth century,war with France,Battle of Blenheim,Duke of Marlborough,Battle of Waterloo-Duke of Wellington,Battle of Trafalgar-Lord Nelson,Colonial Expansion,殖民扩张,;-Clive of India,Wolfe,captor of Canada,47,Industrial Revolution,textile industry;James Watt,steam engine;,48,The Gorges;,George I-George IV,Loss of the American colonies-,the American Independence,49,The Victorian Age,Reform bills,Railways,Steam ship,Telegraphy,Penny Post,便士邮递,The Origin of Species,物种起源,Darwin,an age of imperialism,50,the twentieth century,World War I(1914,1918),World War II(1939,1945),51,