but-except-的区别.doc

besides , except, except for , but 用法辩异

Beside ,except, except for 和but 用作介词时都表示“除。。。。。。外”，但意义和用法有同有异。

一、besides与except

1、 在肯定句中,besides “除…,之外(还有)”解,其宾语被包括在内.except 作“除去。。。。之外”解，表示“排除”意义，其宾语不包括在内。

2、 在否定句中，besides和except意义相同。全局的意义是否定的，而他们后边的宾语却是被肯定的对象。

比较而言，besides在否定句中不如except 常用。因此，不少人对这一用法不熟悉，甚至1987年成人高考试题中 的命题者也出现了失误：

He is a strange man. He has no friends _____you.

A. From B. besides c. except D. with

命题者给的正确答案是c，实际上是B也是正确答案。在下面的例句中，besides 的意义均与except 相同。

She has no relations besides an aged aunt.除了一个老年的姑母以外他没有灭的亲戚。

No living creature ever walks in it besides the chaplain. 除了牧师，没有人在里面走过。

He had few friends besides us.除了我们外他没有什么朋友。

We have no other tools besides this.

Besides you , no one is qualified.初你之外没有人合格。

3、 在疑问句中，besides 和except 有时意义相同，可以换用。例如：

Do you have any other books besides/except these two? 除了这两本书，你还有别的书吗？

Have you nothing to tell us besides what we have already heard?

Have you no clothes besides those?

4、 在besides后面，用作宾语的有名词、代词、动名词和不定式。例如：

（1）名词或代词

There are in China over fifty minorities besides the Hans.

What other courses do you take besides English?

There are many others besides me who disagree with what you say.

(2)动名词

What else did you do besides writing the letter?

Besides gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems that once took months for people to do.

Besides eating a seven-course meal, they drank three bottles of wine.

The play was badly acted, besides being far too long.

(3)不定式

That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer letters.

5、 在except后面，用作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、介词短语或从句等。例如：

（1） 名词或代词

They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.

He had thought of everything except the weather.

I can come any day except Thursday.

He answered all the questions except the last one.

Everyone was present except Jim and me.

［注］若非很正式的文体，except后面的人称代词一般应用宾格形式。如：

Everybody understood except me.

（2） 不定式

except后的不定式有时代to，有时不带to躯体说来有如下三种情形：

<1>谓语动词是实意动词do时，后面的except与不带to的不定式连用：

I couldn’t do anything except just sit there and hope.

She can do everything except cook.

The last bus being gone, we could do nothing except stay the night in the mountain village.

One can do nothing------except to make light of the incident.

<2>若except前有to do作定语或状语，则其后的不定式代不带to 均可，但以不带to居多：

Fanny had nothing to do except go to parties and give them.

<3>如果前面没有动词do， except 后面的不定式一般要带to：

It had no effect except to make him angry.

I am too happy in this world to think about the future, except to remember that I have dear friends waiting for me in heaven.

(3)分词短语

I can take my holidays at any time except August.

Women don’t use “sir” when they’re addressing men-----except, perhaps, in the services.

You could never have made all those mistake except through extreme carelessness.

He seldom went anywhere except to the library.

(4)副词

He has always been attending my lectures except quite recently.

You can have the meeting anywhere except upstairs.

(5)从句

This restaurant opens every day except when there is a public holiday.

I understand everything except why she killed him.

Except后面常跟that从句，有的语法家则把except that看作是一个复合句。

6、 小结

（1） 在肯定句中，当other, else 等词出现是常用besides,当any, every 及复合代词、all 等词出现时，则用except.

（2） 在否定句中，except 比besides 的使用频率高得多，在no及起伏和不定代词、never, new等此后更是如此。

二、but与except

1、 but 的宾语

介词but和except的用法大致相同，后面可接名词、带刺、介词短语和不定式作宾语，有时也可跟从句。例如：

（1）后跟名词或代词

I never saw her reading any but the newspaper.

No one but me saw him.

His failure was a surprise to no one but himself.

But后的人称代词一般用宾阁形式，但有些语发家人为，若but后的代次正好处于谓语动词前，人们会把它看成主语，因而使用主格形式。这种情况习惯上是允许的，因为用宾格虽然是正确的，但听起来反而有些别扭。例如：

Nobody but me/I knew it.

(2)后跟不定式

but 后的不定式也有带to 不带to之分，其情形与except相同。例如：

<1>谓语动词。。。+but+不带to 的不定式

She does nothing but cry.

<2>作定语或状语的to do…+but+带to或不带to的不定式。

　The people have clearly nothing left to do buy look about them.

He wanted nothing but to stay here.

I have no choice but to accept the fact.

<３>后跟介词短语

You can find that sort of thing nowhere but in England.

She has looked for it everywhere but in her own room.

Put the book anywhere but on my bed.

[注] But后即可跟不定式，也可跟动名词，在选择时要看谓语动词的性质：

Mr. Smith thinks of nothing but making money. (think of 是具有及物动词性质的短语动词，故后面多用名词。)

Mr. Smith lives for nothing but to make money. （live是不及物动词，故后面用不定式）

（4）后跟从句

He forgot everything but that he was near her.

The whole daylong I hear nothing else but that I am an insufferable baby.

2、 but与except 的异同

but与except 一般来说是可以通用的，在every, any, no 及其所构成的复合词（如everywhere, anything, nobody 等），all none 等词后尤其如此。例如：

I have eaten nothing but/except bread and cheese since Sunday.

Everybody arrived but/except Simon and Virginia.

有人认为，but与except 在语义上也有一些差别。But强调的是全体的整体性，except则侧重全句中的例外情形（这种情况似乎只存在于肯定句中）。式比较：

I have written all my letters but one.

I have written all my letters except one.

第一句译为“只差一封就全写完了”第二句译为“还有一封信没写”。我们认为这种区别在平时并不明显，倒是以下几点值得注意：

（1） but通常只和every, any no 极其复合词，who, where 等疑问词连用，而except则无此限制。因此，下面句中的except不宜改为but:

This window must not be opened except in emergency.

This hospital is closed except for emergency.

(2)but 与anything连用时后面可接形容词, except则不可：

He is anything but modest.

She is anything but happy.

(3)but 与nothing 连用表示“完全是”、“只不过”等意义时也不可改为except:

The letter is nothing but an insult.

What he said is nothing but a jock.

(4)在first, next, last 等表示顺序的词后常用but:

I was the first but two in the race yesterday.

He is the last but four to arrive.

My brother liyes next door but one.

The post office is the last but three in the street.

(5)cannot help but, cannot choose but, cannot but 以成为固定短语，其中的but 很少被except替代。例如：

I cannot help but be sorry.

He could not choose but love her.

I cannot but admire his courage.

We cannot but read books to increase our knowledge.

三、except与except for

1、 关于except与except for 的区别，不少人认为前后词语表示同类事物时用except, 否则用except for. 例如：

The road was empty except for a few bicycles.

The dress is ready except for the buttons.

We had no trouble on the journey except for a flat lyre.

但是，从语言实际来看，在except 后面跟名词或代词时常可用except for. 例如：

Everyone was tired except/except for Bill.

He answered all the questions except (for) the last one.

There is nothing on the table except/except for a pencil.

Everyone was fired, except for John.

You are the first people we have told-----except for my parents.

2、 在句子开头，习惯上要用except for. 试比较：

He gets up early every day except Sunday.

Except for Sunday he gets up early every day.

再如：

Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.