英语被动语态总结修订版.docx

英语16种时态
英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)
一般时     进行时                
现在 study  be studying          
过去 studied  be studying        
将来 will study  wil be studying    
过去将来would study would be studying 

完成时     完成进行时
现在have studied  have been studying
过去had studied   had been studying
将来will have studied will have been studying
过去将来would have studied would have been studying

时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

其相应的被动语态如下：
一般时     进行时     
现在 am/is/are +done am/is /are being done 
过去 was/were done  was/were being done      
将来 shall/will be done shall/will be being done
过去将来should\would be done should/would being done 

    完成时     完成进行时
现在has /have been done  null
过去had been done      null
将来shall/will have been done   null
过去将来should/would have been done null

时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
 专门查了一下薄冰语法：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。它们的被动意义可用完成时态来表示。如he has been being examined　代之以he has been examined.－－－薄冰英语语法245页

现在完成进行时被动语态Have/has been being done
过去完成进行时被动语态had been being done
将来完成进行时被动语态 shall/will have been being done
过去将来完成进行时被动语态 should /would have been being done

现在完成进行时是没有被动语态的，如果有现在完成进行时的主动结构的句子变为被动结构，可以用现在完成时。Have/has been being done
例：We have been discussing the problem for 2 days.
变为：The problem has been discussed for 2 days.

另外，将来进行时也没用被动语态。
例：We shall be discussing it tomorrow.
变为：It will be discussed tomorrow.
过去完成进行时的被动语态貌似had been being done，但英语里并不采用这种表达方式，因此遇到这种问题一般都用had been done表示就可以了。
例如：
The method had been (being) used for 500 years.
Will have been being done
shall/will be done
 be going to be done
 be about to be done/ be to be done一般将来时
should\would be done
 was\were going to be done
 was\were about to be done
was\were to be done过去将来时
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第七章 英语动词的被动语态系统学习（二）
动词的语态表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。被动语态所表示的是主语是动作的承受者而不是动作的执行者。在强调动作的承受者、没有必要说出动作的执行者以及有意隐瞒动作的执行者时使用被动语态。凡是及物动词和及物动词短语都可以构成被动语态。被动语态由be加及物动词的过去分词构成。be有人称、数、时态的变化。如果要说明动作的执行者，须在被动语态结构后用by 短语。下面将分别讲述由于be本身的变化以及和其他助动词组合形成的一些常用时态的被动语态用法。
7.2.10 过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态用had been加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· It was said that the resolution had been adopted by a vote of 92 in favour to 9 against it.据说决议案以92票对9票获得通过。
· He was able to ride a horse, but had not been taught any of stable lore.他会骑马，但从来没有人教过他养马知识。
· People living in the neighbourhood said that problems had been aggravated by long neglect.住在这一地段的人们说因为长期以来弃之不顾，问题越来越严重了。
7.2.11将来完成时的被动语态
将来完成时的被动语态的主语是第一人称时用shall have been加及物动词的过去分词构成；主语是第二、三人称时用 will have been加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· Every obstacle to agreement will have been removed by the end of the month. 到这个月末为止达成协议的各种障碍将都已经排除。
· It is predicted that he will have been brought low by misfortune by the end of the year. 据预测他年底之前会因为遭到厄运而穷困潦倒。
7.2.12 过去将来完成时的被动语态
过去将来完成时的被动语态的主语是第一人称时用should have been加及物动词的过去分词构成；主语是第二、三人称时用would have been加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· The experienced fisherman predicted that the raging sea would have been lulled by tonight.这位有经验的渔夫预言今晚之前波涛汹涌的海面就会平伏。
· The tractor and trailer would have been jackknifed by the diesel when he realized..当他意识到的时候，牵引车和挂车就会已经被那辆柴油车撞得弯折了。
· He said that the garden shed would have been being cleaned for two hours by nine o’clock.他说到九点为止花园的小棚子将已经被打扫了两个小时了。
7.2.13 现在完成进行时的被动语态
现在完成进行时的被动语态的主语是第一、二人称或复数时用人称时用have been being 加及物动词的过去分词构成；主语是第三人称单数时用has been being 加及物动词的过去分词构成。
· Pain has been being juxtaposed to pleasure as a form of emotion.痛苦一直被作为一种感情形式与欢乐相提并论。
· Mary has been being trained for the law for a year.玛丽接受律师培训已经一年了。
7.2.14过去完成进行时的被动语态
过去完成进行时的被动语态由had been being 加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· He said that the essay had been being translated from French to English for three days by Friday.他说到星期五为止，这篇由法文译成英文的文章将整整译三天了。
· He said he had been being surrounded by troops of fans for forty minutes. 他说他被狂热的爱好者们已经围了四十分钟了。
7.2.15将来完成进行时的被动语态
将来完成进行时的被动语态的主语是第一人称时用shall have been being加及物动词的过去分词构成；主语是第二、三人称时用will have been being加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· By three o’clock, the basketball match will have been being watched for two hours.到三点种为止，已经观看这场足球比赛两个小时了。
· By the end of the month, the new edition will have been being collated with the earlier edition for three weeks.到本月末，照旧版本核对新版本工作将已经进行三周。
7.2.16过去将来完成进行时的被动语态
过去完成进行时的被动语态的主语是第一人称时用should have been being加及物动词的过去分词构成；主语是第二、三人称时用would have been being 加及物动词的过去分词构成。例如：
· He said that the commonplace of the day would have been being talked over for two hours by four o’clock.他说到四点中为止眼下的日常琐事将已经被谈论了两个小时了。
· He said that the Cherry Wine would have been being guzzled like lemonade for fifteen minutes by the end of the game.他说到游戏结束为止，将连续十五分钟的时间樱桃酒像柠檬水一样被一杯接一杯地灌下肚去。
7.3一些常见的被动语态的句型：
1. It is alleged that... 据称……
2. It is announced that... 据宣布……
3. It is asserted that... 有人声称……
4. It is assumed that... 假设……, 假定……
5. It is believed that... 大家相信……, 人们相信……
6. It is calculated that... 据计算… …
7. It is claimed that... 有人主张……, 有人声称……
8. It is considered that... 认为…
9. It is declared that... 据宣布……, 有人宣称……
10. It is demonstrated that... 证明……
11. It is estimated that... 估计……
12. It is expected that... 看来……是可能发生的
13. It is found that... 发现……
14. It is generally agreed that... 人们通常认为……
15. It is generally recognized that...一般认为……, 普遍认为……
16. It is hoped that... 希望……
17. It is hypothesized that... 假设……, 假定………
18. It is learned that... 据说……, 据闻……
19. It is mentioned that... 据说……
20. It is noticed that... 有人指出……
21. It is predicted that... 预计……
22. It is preferred that... 最好……
23. It is proposed that... 有人提议……
24. It is recommended that... 建议……
25. It is reported that... 据报道……
26. It is rumoured that... 谣传……
27. It is said that... 据说……, 有人说……
28. It is supposed that... 据推测……, 假定……
29. It is thought that... 有人认为……
30. It is understood that...不用说……, ……是很明白的
31. It is universally accepted that...普遍认为……
32. It is weighed that... 考虑到……, 权衡……
33. It is well known that... 众所周知……
34. It has been arranged that... 准备……, 已经商定……
35. It has been decided that... 已经决定……
36. It has been illustrated that...据图示……, 据说明……
37. It has been objected that... 有人反驳说……
38. It has been proved that... 已经证明……
39. It has been shown that... 有人指出……
40. It will be seen from this that... 由此可知……
41. It can not be denied that... 无可否认…； ……是无可否认的
42. It can be seen that... 可见……
43. It may be safely said that... 可以有把握地说……
44. It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
45. It must be stressed that... 必须强调……
注意：
1) 上述各种时态的被动语态并不都很常用，读者可以取之所需。
2) bear表示出生只能用于被动语态。
3) become只能用于主动语态。
4) hear, feel, have, help, let, make, notice, observe, perceive, see, watch带的复合宾语中动词不定式不带to, 但若变为被动语态时，动词不定式符号to则不可省略。
5) 并不是所有的主动结构在变成对等的被动结构时都保持原句的意义，在牵涉数量词的主动语态的句子，变成被动语态时意义有变化。试比较：
· Everyone speaks two languages.人们所讲的语言加起来至少两种。
· Two languages are spoken by everyone.人们所讲的语言只有两种。
6) 下列情况的主动语态不能变为被动语态
①反身代词、相互代词（each other, one another) 在句子中作宾语。
②it 在句子中指代意义弱、缺乏实在意义时。例如：
As there is no bus and cab, I had to foot it.没了公共汽车和出租车，我不得不步行。
③动词的宾语是动名词、动词不定式或者是动名词和不定式的复合结构
④enter, leave, reach等的宾语是处所、地点等
⑤动词与其宾语属于同源结构时，这类同源结构主要有下列词构成：sleep,cough, dance, die, dream, fight, laugh, live, shoot, sign, smile。
⑥宾语表达谓语动词所表达的态度和观点的时候，例如：
She smiled her thanks.她微笑着表示感谢。
⑦有些动词与其宾语已经形成了密不可分的固定结构，则不可以将名词提前变成被动语态。例如：
take place, change trains, do one’s best, keep one’s company, keep silence, keep watch, keep words, lose one’s heart, lose patience, make a face, make a scene, make bed, make room, make up one’s mind, take flight, take heart, take notes, take office, take one’s leave, take one’s place等。
7) 一些形式上的主动语态深层却表达着被动的意义。
①feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear形成的主动形式的系表结构表示的是被动含义。
②need, want, require, deserve + 动词的现在分词表示被动含义。
③be worth +动词的现在分词表示被动含义。
④sell, wash在表示主语的性质特征时主动形式表示被动含义。
8) be + 及物动词的过去分词结构除了可以与各时态助动词构成被动语态外，还可以与情态动词构成被动语态。这些变化在情态动词一章中结合情态动词的各种含义变化再作讲解或示例，这里仅作提示。例如：
· Directions should have been given earlier.本应该早些进行指导说明。
· The euphoriant actions can be observed directly only in man.这种兴奋的行为只有在人身上才能直接观察到。
· A man should be judged by his deeds, not his words.应当根据一个人的行为而不是言辞来判断他。
被动语态与过去分词作表语的系表结构的区别将在后面上传的博文里详细讲解。

一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
　　被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
　　1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
　　例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2） has /have been done 现在完成时
例All the preparations for the task have
been completed, and we're ready to start.
　　3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时
　　例A new cinema is being built here．
　　4） was/were done 一般过去时
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I
should reject the offer.
　　5） had been done 过去完成时
　例 By the end of last year, another new
gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
　　6） was/were being done 过去进行时
例A meeting was being held when I was there.
7） shall/will be done
 be going to be done
 be about to be done/ be to be done一般将来时
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory
closes.
8） should\would be done
 was\were going to be done
 was\were about to be done
was\were to be done过去将来时
例The news would be sent to the soldier's
mother as soon as it arrived.
　　9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
　　例The project will have been completed
before July.
　　10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）
　例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
　　1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
　例The baby should be taken good care of
by the baby-sitter.
　　2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
 例His mother gave him a present for his
birthday. 可改为 He was given a present
by his mother for his birthday.
　　3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a
ciggarette.    可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make,let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
　　例Someone saw a stranger walk into the
building.  可改为A stranger was seen to walk
into the building.
　　5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
　　3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
　　v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
　例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
　二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如
believe, consider, expect, report, say,
suppose, think等
可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”
或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
　　It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is
hoped that…大家希望，It is well known
that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。　
　　例It is said that the boy has passed the
national exam.
（＝The boy is said to have passed the
national exam. ）
　三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
英语中很多动词如 break，catch，clean，
drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
　　例 This kind of cloth washes well.
　　注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
　　试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
　　The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
　　2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out,
come out, come about, come true, run out,
give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何出来的呢？
　　3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　　 例Your reason sounds reasonable.
　四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
　　在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
　　1． 在need，want，require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing \to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
　　2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The picture-book is well worth reading．
＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
　　3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
　例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．
 (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)
　　试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a
letter to be posted?
 ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
　　4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，
hard，difficult，important，impossible，
pleasant，interesting等。
　　例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
　　5． 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
　　例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
　　6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。
　　例There is no time to lose（to be
lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；
用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
　　7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,  blame,  let     等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
　　例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
　五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
　　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
　　1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：
under control（受控制）,
under treatment（在治疗中）,
under repair（在修理中）,
under discussion（在讨论中）,
under construction（在施工中）。
　　例The building is under construction( is being
constructed).
2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：
beyond belief (令人难以置信)，
beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），
beyond one’s control（无法控制，
beyond our hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
　　　　例The rumor is beyond belief（=can’t be
believed）．
　　3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
　　例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
　　4．“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
例That house is for sale.= That house is to be sold).
　　5．“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。　
　　例The book is not yet in print．  (=is not yet
printed)
　　6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。常见的有：
on sale(出售)，
on show（展出）,
on trial（受审）。
　　例Today some treasures are on show in the
museum (= are being showed).
　　7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：
out of control (控制不了)，
out of sight （超出视线之外），
out of one’s reach(够不着),
 out of fashion(不流行)等。　
例 The plane was out of control (can’t be
controlled)． 。
　　8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
　例He took two days off within the teacher's
permission．
　六、被动语态与系表结构的区别
　　当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
　　1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
　　例The glass is broken． （系表结构）
　　The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
　　2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
　　例The door is locked． （系表结构）
　　The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）
　　3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
　　例 The machine is being repaired．
　七、被动语态与高考试题赏析
　　1． 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
　　1). In some parts of the world, tea ___ with
milk and sugar. (NMET1993)
　　A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
　　解析 B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
　　2). This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)
　A. killed                   B. is killed　　
C. was killed           D. was killing
　　解析 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且
Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
　　3). ---- Have you moved into the new house?
　　---- Not yet, the rooms _____. (NMET1991)
A. are being painted B. are painting　　
C. are painted D. are being painting
　　解析 A “house”和“