详解新视角研究生英语读说写2课文原文加翻译及课后答案.pdf

新视野研究生英语读说写2英语原文加 翻译及课后答案1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Toward the middle of the semester,Fowkes fell ill and missed a class.When he returned,the professor nodded vaguely and,to Fowkess astonishment,began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after.Had he,in fact,lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student?Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情 地向他点了点头。接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一 课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。Today American colleges and universities(originally modeled on German ones)are under strong attack from many quarters.Teachers,it is charged,are not doing a good job of teaching,and students are not doing a good job of learning.American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising,uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded.College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture.Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education,but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学(原本是以德国的大学为模型的)受到了各方面的严厉指责。人们指责老师没有教好，学生没有学好。美国的商业和工业饱受无进取心的、缺 乏创造力的管理人员之苦,这些人受的教育是自己不用思考,而是说一些过时的、在世界上其他地方早已抛弃的陈词滥调。大学毕业生即没有基本技能也没有全面 修养。有人对高等教育的状况做了研究并发表了报告，但由此引发的变化很大程 度上不是表面的，就是使已经糟糕的情形变得更糟。One aspect of American education too seldom challenged is the lecture system.Professors continue to lecture and students to take notes much as they did in the thirteenth century,when books were so scarce and expensive that few students could own them.The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.美国教育中很少被挑战的方面是讲课制度。教授不停地讲，学生不停地记笔 记，就想十三世纪时的情形一样，那时因为课本缺乏又昂贵，很少有学生买得起。我们早就该舍弃讲课制度，开始使用真正有用的方法。Some days Mary sits in the front row,from where she can watch the professor read from a stack of yellowed notes that seem nearly as old as he is.She is bored by the lectures,and so are most of the other students,to judge by the way they are nodding off or doodling in their notebooks.Gradually she realizes the professor is as 1bored as his audience.At the end of each lecture he asks,Are there any questions?in a tone of voice that makes it plain he would much rather there werent.He neednt worry-the students are as relieved as he is that the class is over.有几天玛丽坐在前排，她可以看到教授在读一叠几乎和他年纪一样老的发黄 的讲义。她听课听烦了，其他大部分同学也听烦了，这从他们的行为中可以做出 判断：他们要么在打盹，要么在笔记本上涂鸦。渐渐地她意识到教授和他的听众 一样感到无聊。每次课结束时他都问道：“有问题吗？叫也的语气明显表明他更希 望没有问题。他不必担心，学生和他一样感到下课是一种解脱。Mary knows very well she should read an assignment before every lecture.However,as the professor gives no quizzes and asks no questions,she soon realizes she needn,t prepare.At the end of term she catches up by skimming her notes and memorizing a list of facts and dates.After the final exam,she promptly forgets much of what she has memorized.Some of her follow students,disappointed at the impersonality of it all,drop out of college altogether.Others,like Mary,stick it out,grow resigned to the system and await better days when,as juniors and seniors,they will attend smaller classes and at last get the kind of personal attention real learning requires.玛丽清楚的知道她应该在每次上课前阅读布置的作业。但是，因为教授不做 小测验也不提问，她很快就认识到她不必准备。学期末她只要看看笔记，再记记 一些事件、年代就可以跟上进度。期末考试后她会立刻忘掉她背下来的大部分内 容。她的有些同学对这种无人情味的学习很失望，干脆辍学。其他人像玛丽一样 坚持下来，无奈地接受了这种制度，等待着到大三大四时的好日子，那时他们就 会有较小的班级，最终也会得到真正的学习所需要的那种针对个人的关注。I admit this picture is overdrawn-most universities supplement lecture courses with discussion groups,usually led by graduate students;and some classes such as first-year English and always relatively small.Nevertheless,far too many courses rely principally or entirely on lectures,an arrangement much loved by faculty and administrators but scarcely designed to benefit the students.我承认上面的描述言过其实。大多数大学有讨论课来补充听力课，通常讨论 课是由研究生主持的。而且有些班级，如一年级的英语课，也总是相对较小的。但是，还有太多的课主要或者完全依赖于讲课，这种安排受到教师和管理人员的 青睐，但绝不是为学生的利益而设计的。One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work.Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can proceed as slowly as they need to until the subject matter become clear to them.Even simply paying attention is very difficult;people can listen at a rate of four hundred to six hundred words a minute,while the most impassioned professor talks at scarcely a third of that speed.This time lag between speech and comprehension leads to daydreaming.Many students believe years of watching television have sabotaged their attention span,out their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.听课存在的一个问题是：会听是件很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有 2效的学习方法，因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容，甚至 仅仅做到专心听课都很难。人听的速度可以达到每分钟400600个词，而最富 有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲课和理解之间的时间差 异导致开小差。很多学生认为多年来看电视已经削弱了他们保持注意力的能力。但是他们真正的问题是专心听课比他们认为的要难得多。Worse still,attending lectures is passive learning,at least for inexperienced listeners.Active learning,in which students write essays or perform experiments and them have their work evaluated by an instructor,is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.While its true that techniques of active listening,such as trying to anticipate the speakers next point or taking notes selectively,can enhance the value of a lecture,few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers.More commonly,students try to write everything down and even bring tape recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.更糟的是，听课是被动学习，至少对没有经验的听众如此。主动学习时学生 些文章或做实验，然后由教师评价他们的作业，因此主动学习对那些还没有完全 学会如何学习的学生来说益处要大得多。的确，积极听讲的技巧，如设法预测说 话人的下一个要点或有选择的记笔记，能够提高听课的价值，但是很少有学生在 大学学习的开始阶段就已经掌握了这些技巧。更为常见的是学生试图写下所有的 内容，甚至还带着录音机去听课，以这种笨拙的方式来记录每个词。Students need to question their professors and to have their ideas taken seriously.Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively.Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even heated debate,not by scribbling down a professor often unsatisfactory summary of complicated issues.They need small discussion classes that demand the common labors of teacher and students rather than classes in which one person,however learned,propounds his or her own ideas.学生需要向教授提问，也需要别人重视他们的想法。只有这样他们才能开发 出聪明的、创造性的思考所必需的分析能力。大多数学生通过参加频繁的、甚至 激烈的辩论才会学的更好，而不是通过胡乱记下教授对复杂事件所作出的常常不 能令人满意的总结，他们需要小型讨论课，这种课需要教师和学生的共同努力，他们不需要那种让一个人提出自己观点的课堂，无论这个人多么有学识。The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well.It reduces feedback to a minimum,so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments.Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge sloppily constructed arguments are indispensable to scholarship.Without them,the liveliest mind can atrophy.Undergraduates may not be able to make telling contributions very often,but lecturing insulates a professor even from the beginners naive question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought.讲课制度最终也会危害到教授们。反馈减少到了最低点，因此讲课者既不能 判断学生对材料的了解程度，也不能受益于学生的提问或评论。学生要求说话者 澄清模糊论点所提出的问题，以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，这对于学术是必 3不可少的。没有这些，最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。大学生也许还不能够常常做出显 著的贡献，但是讲课把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，而这些问题很可能会引 起一系列思考。If lectures make so little sense,why have they been allowed to continue?Administrators love them,of course.They can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class,and for many administrators that is almost the end of the story.But the truth is that faculty members,and even students,conspire with them to keep the lecture system alive and well.Lectures are easier on everyone than debates.Professors can pretend to teach by lecturing just as students can pretend to learn by attending lectures,with no one the wiser,including the participants.Moreover,if lectures afford some students an opportunity to sit back and let the professor run the show,they offer some professors an irresistible forum for showing off.In a classroom where everyone contributes,students are less able to hide and professors less tempted to engage in intellectual exhibitionism.如果说讲课如此不同情理，为什么还一直允许继续下去呢？当然是因为教学 管理者喜欢了。他们可以把更多的学生塞进演讲厅，而无法把这么多学生塞进讨 论班。对许多管理者而言，这基本上就是他们所关心的了。但是，事实上，教师，甚至学生和管理者联合起来使得这一制度继续存在，且运行的很好。对任何人来 说，讲课都比辩论容易。教授可以通过讲课假装在教，就像学生可以通过听课假 装在学，这一点没有人意识到，包括参与者（指老师和学生）。止匕外，如果听课 给某些学生袖手旁观，而让老师唱主角的机会，这也给一些教授提供了炫耀其才 学的不可抗拒的舞台。如果课堂上人人参与，学生就无法躲藏，教授也不太会被 吸引去进行学识上的自我表现。Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students5 passivity.Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructors.their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and yellow students.Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what-before final exams,not after.When exams are given in this type of course,they can require analysis and synthesis from the students,not empty memorization.Classes like this require energy,imagination,and commitment from professors,all of which can be exhausting.But they compel students to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth.如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，这就会消除学生的被动性。学生被迫对 他们自己和老师的思想表示怀疑时，他们就变得主动参与了。他们听的技巧在与 老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。这种交替互动能够帮助教 师做得更好，因为他们会发现谁知道什么在期末考试前，而不是之后。这种形 式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，而不是空洞的记忆。这样的课程需要教授们 的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为 他们自己的学术成长分担责任。Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because 4they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake.But the lectures too frequently come at the wrong end of the students5 educational careers-during the first two years,when they most need close,even individual,instruction.If lecture classes were restricted to juniors and seniors,who are less in need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work on their own,they would be far less destructive of students5 interests and enthusiasms than the present system.After all,students much learn to listen before they can listen to learn.讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。一是因为讲课似乎从经济角度考虑是必 需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲 课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错误的那一端一一在大学的第一和第二年。那 时他们最需要密切是甚至是针对个体的辅导。如果讲课这一形式局限于三、四年 级的学生，则对学生的兴趣和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，因为三、四 年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，而且更有能力自己制定学习计划。毕 竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前必须先学会去听。4当看音乐电视长大的一代成为首席执行官Susan M.Keaveney2、“Who will take the helm?”is one question that will keepCEOs awake at night in the next millennium.Most wonder what corporate culture in services firms will look like when the 40 million Gen Xers in the work force-now twenty-and thirty-something employees-take over as managers.当这些“难以驾驭的”年轻人成为经理会发生什么样的情 况呢？“将来谁来掌舵呢？”这个问题会使很多首席执行官在 21世纪的晚上辗转难眠。他们大多想知道现在被称为X 一 代的近4 000万的20多岁、30多岁的员工如果担任经理职 位，服务业的公司文化又将会是个什么样子。3、Much has been written about Gen X employees,most of it negative.Early studies accused them of being arrogant,5uncommitted,unmanageable slackers-disrespectful of authority,scornful of paying dues-tattooed and pierced youths who just dont care.Recent interpretations5 however,offer some new and somewhat different insights.关于x 一代员工的描述并不鲜见，但多数是负面的评 价。早期的研究指责他们傲慢、不愿承担责任、难于管理、散漫懒惰。这些年轻人不尊重权威，对尽职苦干嗤之以鼻，他们纹身或穿耳洞，一副“无所谓”的样子。但是，最近的解 读却对他们提出了一些新的、有点不一样的看法。4、Gen Xers have been characterized as the latchkey kids”of the 70s and 80s;often left on their own by divorced and/or working parents,these young people became adept at handling things on their own and in their own ways.Many became self-motivating,self-sufficient,and creative problem-solvers.Their independence,which baby-boom managers sometimes interpret as arrogance,may also reflect a need to feel trusted to get a job done.X 一代人的一个特征是，他们是七、八十年代脖子上挂 钥匙的孩子，经常被已经离异或双职工的父母单独留在家 里，因此这些年轻人已经习惯了独立地以自己的方式处理事 情。许多人自我激励、自给自足，解决问题时颇具创造性。6他们的独立性一有时会被婴儿潮时期出生的经理们认为是 一种傲慢自大一一也许正体现了他们需要得到别人信任，信 任他们可以胜任某项工作。5、As employees,Gen Xers enjoy freedom to manage their own schedules.They dont watch a clock and dont want their managers to do so.Whether work is done from nine-to-eight-at home,in the office,or over lattes-is irrelevant to this group because Gen Xers are results-oriented.They seek guidance,inspiration,and vision from their managers but otherwise prefer to be left alone between goal-setting and deliverables.作为员工，X一代人喜欢享有掌控自己时间表的自由。他们不愿意做事按部就班，也不希望他们的经理是这样的 人。因为这代人更注重结果，因此对他们来说，工作的时间 表是朝九晚五，还是从中午开始到晚上8点，是在家里、办 公室或是在咖啡馆里都无所谓。他们会向经理们寻求指导、鼓励，听取他们的意见。但是从目标确立到完成这一过程中，他们却希望不受打扰。6、Many Gen Xers excel at developing innovative solutions,but need clear,firm deadlines to set boundaries on their creative freedom.They have been known to bristle under 7micromanagement but flourish with coaching and feedback.许多X一代人擅长提出创新性的解决办法，但是他们需 要清楚明确的期限来约束他们创造的自由。众所周知的是：凡事必亲躬的微观管理会惹怒X一代人，但是施以指导和提 供反馈信息却能使他们成功。7、Gen X grew up with rapidly changing technology and the availability of massive amounts of information.Many developed skills at parallel processing or sorting large amounts of information quickly(which is sometimes interpreted as a short attention span).Most are skilled at understanding and using technologies,adapt quickly to new platforms,and are practiced at learning through technological media.They value visual as well as verbal communication.X一代人的成长伴随着技术的快速变化和信息的大量涌 现。他们中很多人都具有同时处理或迅速分类大量信息的技 能(虽然这种技能有时被人理解为是缺乏持久注意力的表 现)。他们大多数都熟悉并善于使用技术，能快速适应新的 技术平台，并且能熟练地通过科技媒体学习。他们对视觉和 言语上的交流同等重视。8、Gen X employees excel in a technologically advanced environment.They demand state-of-the-art capabilities,such as 8telecommuting,teleconferencing,and electronic mail,in order to work efficiently and effectively.To baby-boom managers this may seem to be a preference for impersonal means of communicating,living and working,but Gen Xers do not see it that way;for example,they have modified electronic language and symbolism to express emotions such as surprise,anger and pleasure.X一代员工在科技先进的环境中最能凸显自己。他们要 求自己工作的地方具备最新的科学技术设施，例如远程办 公、远程会议和电子邮件，这样他们工作会更有效果，也更 有效率。在婴儿潮时期出生的经理们看来，这种做法似乎是 对那种没有人情味的交流、生活和工作模式的偏好，但是X 一代人并不这样认为，例如：他们已经修改了电子语言和符 号来表达诸如吃惊、愤怒和喜悦等情感。9、Gen X employees dont live to work,they work to live.They place a high value on prototypical family values that they feel they missed.Having observed their parents trade personal lives for the good of the company/5 this group wants balance in their lives,demanding time for work,play,family,friends,and spirituality.Gen X employees are skeptical of forgoing the needs of today for a later,uncertain payoff.9X 一代员工不是活着为了工作，而是为了生活而工作。他们非常重视他们认为曾经错过的典型的家庭观念。曾经目 睹他们的父母为了公司的利益而牺牲了个人生活，这代人想 要的是生活的平衡。他们需要时间来满足工作、玩乐、家庭、朋友以及精神的需求。对于为了将来未知的回报而放弃现在 的需求，X一代员工是深表怀疑的。10、When on the job market,Gen Xers will openly ask life-balance questions.This can be a turnoff for unprepared interviewers used to classic baby-boomer scripts featuring such lines as How can I best contribute to the company?and My greatest weakness is that I work too hard.”在找工作时，x一代人会坦率地询问关于生活能否平衡 的问题。没有思想准备的面试官也许会感到反感，因为他们 已习惯了婴儿潮时期出生的人的经典回答版本，例如：“我怎 样才能最好地为公司效力呢?”，还有“我最大的弱点就是我工 作太努力了。”11、In contrast,Gen Xers want to know What can you do to help me balance work,life,and family?”They expect companies to un