釉陶 原始瓷和成熟瓷器之间的过渡器.doc

　　釉陶是表面施釉的陶器，最早于战国晚西汉初出现，自汉宣帝以后，釉陶得到较大的发展。挂釉可保护器胎，且起装饰作用。古代的西亚、埃及、欧洲有铅釉或锡釉 陶器，欧洲有的锡釉陶器上还有彩绘。据中国国内的考古资料，最早的釉陶是西汉时期的铅釉陶器；流传到国外的有春秋战国时期的铅釉陶器。釉陶器开始时只施 绿、褐、黄等单色釉，到王莽时期出现同时施黄、绿、酱红、褐色的复色釉。釉陶器的种类有壶、樽、罐、洗、博山炉、瓶等，还有建筑模型和俑人、猴、鸭、狗、 猪、鸡等陶塑。

　　据安吉县博物馆原馆长程亦胜介绍，历史上釉陶主要在长江下游区域（即江苏、浙江、上海、福建、安徽、江西等地区），特别是在环太湖区域较为流行。程亦胜 称，到了战国晚期，楚将越打败了以后，以太湖流域为中心的吴越文化区域属于楚的管辖范围，在楚管辖的初期，这一区域还使用一些原始瓷，但到了楚中晚期即向 秦过渡的时期，奇怪的是，不知什么原因导致吴越区域原来非常流行的原始瓷突然消失了，不管从这一区域的遗址发掘还是墓葬发掘，我们都能发现，就在这时原始 瓷基本销声匿迹，而渐渐出现了一种在陶器上面施釉的陶器——釉陶。

　　“其实，釉陶器与原始瓷的发展延续是有关系的。釉陶器与原始瓷的共同之处在于二者都是施釉的，釉陶器所用的釉料基本延用原来原始瓷的釉料（也有部分是铅 釉），只是釉陶器胎质没有完全延用原始瓷的胎质，原始瓷以高岭土作胎，而釉陶器则用陶土制胎”，程亦胜称，虽然截止到目前为止，还没有可靠的资料能够论证 原始瓷突然消失的原因，但是釉陶的产生是受到原始瓷的影响是毫无疑问的，原始瓷对西汉时期釉陶的发展产生过积极的影响。

　　历史上，西汉至东汉初是釉陶的流行期，因为到东汉中晚期成熟瓷器业已出现。“我认为釉陶在某种程度、某种方面是原始瓷发展为成熟瓷器的一个过渡期，这是我 个人的理解，当然也有学者不支持这种观点，也有人认为瓷器与釉陶之间没有太大的区别”，程亦胜称，但他认为还有一现象值得关注，即在同一区域（今浙江地 区）里先是原始瓷突然消失，随后釉陶器出现，尔后不久成熟瓷器也在这个地域产生了，由此看来，真正瓷器的发源地其实就在浙江地区，同时，程亦胜也认为釉陶 不仅是原始瓷到成熟瓷器的一个过渡时期，它对东汉时期成熟瓷器的成功烧造产生过积极深远的影响。

　　程亦胜

　　程亦胜 1953年生于浙江省安吉县，中共党员，副研究馆员。原浙江省安吉县博物馆馆长、安吉县文物保护管理所所长，系中国博物馆学会会员，浙江省考古学会理事，越国文化研究会理事。2005年度“浙江省文物工作先进个人”。

程亦胜长期从事田野工作，侧重于商周考古，多次主持古遗址、古墓葬的发掘整理，为国家抢救保护了大量的珍贵文物。主功越国文化研究，造谐颇深、成果丰 硕。 《早期越国都邑初探——关于古城遗址及龙山墓群的思考》、《安吉古城土墩墓考古调查》、《安乐遗址出土玉器分析》、《山区古民居保护管窥》等多篇学术论文 先后发表于国家和省级专业刊物，主篇出版了《安吉文物精华》。

英语翻译：Glazed pottery is surface glazed pottery, first appeared in the late Warring States period the early Western Han Dynasty, since the Emperor Xuan of Han, glazed pottery was greater development. Hanging glaze can be protected, and the decorative effect. The ancient West Asia, Egypt, Europe has lead or tin glaze pottery, some of the European tin glaze pottery and painting. According to the archaeological materials in China, the earliest faience is lead glazed pottery of the Western Han period, spread to foreign countries have lead glazed pottery of the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Glazed pottery began only in the application of green, brown, yellow, such as monochrome glaze, to Wang Mang period and application of yellow, green, red sauce, brown complex glaze. The kinds of glazed pottery pots, bottles, cans, wash, Boshan furnace, bottle and building models and figurines, monkey, ducks, dogs, pigs, chickens and other pottery.
According to the Anji County, former curator of the Museum of Cheng Yisheng, history glazed pottery mainly in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River region (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Jiangxi and other regions), especially is in the Taihu Lake region is more popular. Cheng Yisheng said, to the late Warring States period, Chu will be more defeat after, in the Taihu Lake Basin area of the Wu and Yue culture belongs to the jurisdiction of the Chu, early on in the jurisdiction of the Chu, the region also used some of the original porcelain, but to Chu in late Qin of the transition period, is strange, I do not know what the reason lead to Wu Yue area originally very popular original porcelain suddenly disappear, no matter from the area excavated ruins or tombs excavated, we can find, at this time the original porcelain basically disappeared, and gradually appeared in the A in pottery glaze pottery, glazed pottery.
"In fact, the development of ceramic glaze and the original porcelain is a relationship. Glazed pottery and proto porcelain have in common is that two are glazed and pottery glaze glaze essentially used the original proto porcelain glaze (also is the lead glaze), just pottery glaze fetal matter not completely uncovered the original porcelain Taizhi, proto porcelain kaolin for fetal, and pottery glaze with clay fetal ", said Cheng Yisheng. Although the deadline so far, also no reliable data to prove the original porcelain suddenly disappeared, but glazed pottery is affected by the proto porcelain is no doubt the, development of the proto porcelain glazed pottery of the Western Han Dynasty had a positive effect.
In history, the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty is glazed pottery of the epidemic period, because the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty porcelain has been mature. "I think in a way, a kind of glazed pottery is the original porcelain development for a transition period of mature porcelain, this is my personal understanding, of course, some scholars do not support this view, some people think that between porcelain and glazed pottery not big difference," Cheng Yisheng said, but he believes there is a phenomenon worthy of attention, that is in the same area (now Zhejiang District) in the first original porcelain suddenly disappeared, then glazed pottery, porcelain also mature shortly thereafter in the region have, in view of this, the birthplace of the real China is also in the area of Zhejiang,, Cheng Yisheng also believes that not only is the original to a glazed porcelain a transition period of mature porcelain, its success in the Eastern Han Dynasty mature porcelain had a profound impact.
Cheng Yisheng
Cheng Yisheng was born in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, province, China. Original Anji County, Zhejiang Province Museum curator, Anji County Heritage Management Institute, member of the Department of the Chinese Association of museums, director of the Archaeological Institute of Zhejiang Province, Yue Culture Research Association. 2005 year "Zhejiang Province cultural relics work advanced individual".
Cheng Yisheng has long been engaged in field work, focusing on the archaeology of Shang and Zhou Dynasty, presided over the excavation of ancient sites, ancient tombs the finishing, for the national rescue to protect the large number of precious cultural relics. Study on the cross cultural main work, made deep, Cheng Guofeng Shuo harmonic. Analysis the early Yue State cities of -- on the ruins of the ancient city and Longshan tombs thinking "," in Anji ancient mound Tomb of archaeological survey "," Le site unearthed jade "," mountain ancient dwellings protection glimpse "and so on many academic papers has published in national and provincial professional journals, editorial published" Anji relics essence ".