英语考试翻译.pptx

1.Definition定义定义2.Classification分类分类3.StrategyandSkills策略与技巧策略与技巧4.Purpose目的目的Aspects of Translation 关于翻译关于翻译Lecture1Definition定义定义1.Translation is a linguistic practice of employing one language to realize the thoughts expressed in another language exactly and completely.翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基)Definition定义定义2.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。(Nida)Definition定义定义3.Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textural material in one language(SL)by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL).翻译是用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。(Catford)Definition定义定义4.Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning,but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.Translating is always meaning-based,i.e.it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.Definition定义定义4.翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。(Wilss)In your own words:?In my words:Generally,translationisinformationtransferenceacrosslinguisticsigns信息在语言符号间的转换信息在语言符号间的转换ExamplesEx.1Ich liebe dich 德语德语 俄语俄语 Je taime 法语法语 韩语韩语 Te amo 拉丁语拉丁语Eu te amo 葡萄牙语葡萄牙语私爱私爱 日语日语 希腊语希腊语 Te quiero 西班牙语西班牙语 Ti amo意大利语意大利语I love UEx.2VSVictoryVSIloveyouEx.3Classification分类分类1.语内翻译语内翻译 intralingual translation2.语际翻译语际翻译 interlingual translation3.符际翻译符际翻译 intersemiotic translation4.口译口译 oral translation5.笔译笔译 written translationStrategyandSkills策略与技巧策略与技巧1.直译直译 literal translation2.意译意译 free/liberal translation3.归化归化 domestication4.异化异化 foreignization5.具体方法具体方法 practical methods,eg.change of parts of speech,inversionPurpose目的目的1.cross-cultural communication2.scientific study3.individual goals,eg.CET-4,job,etc.Terracotta WarriorStatue of LibertyCan they be friends?兵俑：兵俑：汝老矣，尚汝老矣，尚能饭否？能饭否？Goddess:What?What?What?The Tower of Babel -The BibleThestoryisfoundinGenesis11:1-9:1 And the whole earth was of one language,and of one speech.2 And it came to pass,as they journeyed from the east,that they found a plain in the land of Shinar;and they dwelt there.3 And they said one to another,Go to,let us make brick,and burn them thoroughly.And they had brick for stone,and slime had they for mortar.4 And they said,Go to,let us build us a city and a tower,whose top may reach unto heaven;and let us make us a name,lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.5 And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower,which the children built.6 And the Lord said,Behold,the people is one,and they have all one language;and this they begin to do;and now nothing will be restrained from them,which they have imagined to do.7 Go to,let us go down,and there confound their language,that they may not understand one anothers speech.8 So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth:and they left off to build the city.9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel;because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth:and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.通天塔（巴别塔）通天塔（巴别塔）圣经旧约创世记第11章宣称：当时人类联合起来兴建希望能通往天堂的高塔；为了阻止人类的计划，上帝让人类说不同的语言，使人类相互之间不能沟通，计划因此失败，人类自此各散东西。此故事试图为世上出现不同语言和种族提供解释。Howaboutourancientstoryabouttheoriginofdifferentlanguages?Maybethis?Anyway,有没有世界语呢？有没有世界语呢？答：答：YES!ItsEsperanto.ZamenhofEsperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.世界语（Esperanto）是最为广泛使用的人工语言。波兰眼科医生柴门霍夫（azarz Ludwik Zamenhof）在对其进行了十年的创作工作后于1887年创立了这个语言的基础。其定位是国际辅助语言，不是用来代替世界上已经存在的语言。今天，以世界语为母语的人士约1000人。能流利使用的人估计十万到两百万人。Examplesinternationalauxiliarylanguage国际辅助语言国际辅助语言Englishisbetter!Andmostimportantly,itisEASIER!Ormaybetheeasiest!BTW,whospeakEnglish?Englishisbetter!Andmostimportantly,itisEASIER!Ormaybetheeasiest!BTW,whospeakEnglish?Lecture2World MapEnglish-speakingCountriesred=Englishasmothertonguepink=Englishasofficial/semi-officiallanguageUSAUKNational FlagsCanadaAustraliaUK&US are short for The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandThe United States of AmericaA closer look at English and Chinese1.Sounds2.Words3.SentencesLecture3汉语拼音字母英语字母汉语拼音英语音标1.Sounds(vowel)（20个）(consonant)（28个）元音分类元音分类单元音：单元音：i:i e a:u:u :双元音：双元音：ei ai i au u i e u辅音分类辅音分类成对：p b t d k g f v s z ts dz tr dr t d鼻音：鼻音：m n 其它：其它：h r l w j汉语拼音汉语拼音声母声母:b p m f d t l n g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w韵母韵母:a o e i u ai ei ui ao ou iu ie e er an en in un n ang eng ing ong 汉英语音差异汉英语音差异英语特有英语特有 辅音：辅音：v r 元音：元音：i i e 汉语特有汉语特有 声母：声母：j q x 韵母：韵母：e n汉英语音差异汉英语音差异单元音：单元音：i:i e a:u:u :双元音：双元音：ei ai au u i i e uVowels and their letter(s)Lecture4 e me she ee meet keen greet breeze speechea tea weak lead read teach ei receive receiptdeceiveperceiveie believe relieve relief fieldthiefi policeeopeople.i:i i this it is e English England prettyui building o women.a am bag hand thank campus factory family Saturday.e met well ea ready peasant already measure ai saiday saysa any many.e a answer ask classglass task staff plant ar bar park hard large pardon au aunt laugh earheart er clerk sergeantal palm calm.a:o none son come brother mother other anotheru sun bus study husband oudoublecouple.er her certain terminalear early learn ir girl first bird shirtur nurse turn turn fur furtheror work world worse worm word.:a about ago China breakfast o oppose second methodu support suppose suspect campusar collar forward er mother teacher betteror doctor monitor actor factorur surprise surrender survivalou famousour colour.:a water halt al all tall call talk walkaw dawn drawnaugh daughter caughtor or nor born lordore beforeough ought bought thoughtour four.o on off not lota wash what want watchow knowledge.o do lose move prove oe shoeoo cool moon room too afternoonschoolu blue rule June.u:o wolf womanoo book cook goodoul could should wouldu full pull put July.u eiamake take ai maidplain ay paylay eigh weighfreighteagreat steak.aiiI wifenicetide likekind mindymy by why stylesupplyuybuy guy eigh height.onohomepostholdnoticenotebookoaboatcoatroadowlowknowbowlsowshowoushoulder.u ouloudhouseroundshoutthousandowtownnowdowncrowd.au oi oil boil toil spoil voiceoy boy toy joy annoy enjoy.i ea ideareallytheatreear hearnearyear eer deercheerengineerere heremerely.i airairairportchairfairpairstairarecarefarecompareearbeartearweareretherewhereeirheirtheir.e u uaFebruaryoorpoormoorourtourtouristuresurelure.Suprasegmentals 超音段音位超音段音位1.syllable音节音节2.stress重音重音3.tone音调音调4.intonation语调语调Lecture5 WhatisasyllableA syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.For example,the word water is composed of two syllables:wa and ter.The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel(a,e,i,o,u)in a word is equal to the number of syllables the word has.ExamplesSyllable音节音节 Countthesyllablescake-has?syllable(s)eat-has?syllable(s)cheese-has?syllable(s)eating-has?syllable(s)garden-has?syllable(s)worrying-has?syllable(s)Syllable音节音节 Countthesyllablescake-has 1 syllableeat-has 1 syllablecheese-has 1 syllableeating-has 2 syllables(eat-ing)garden-has 2 syllables(gar-den)worrying-has 3 syllables(wor-ry-ing)Syllable音节音节 HowToDivideAWordIntoSyllables:Divide off any compound words,prefixes,suffixes,and root words that have vowels.sports/car,house/boat,un/happy,pre/paid,re/write,farm/er,hope/less Divide between two middle consonants hap/pens,bas/ket,let/ter,sup/per,din/ner Usually divide before a single consonant.o/pen,i/tem,e/vil,re/port.Divide before an-le syllable.a/ble,fum/ble,rub/ble,mum/ble Syllable音节音节 WhatisstressIn linguistics,stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word,or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.Primary and secondary stresses are distinguished in English.Stress重音重音 WhatistoneTone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaningthat is,to distinguish or inflect words.Tone音调音调 WhatisintonationIn linguistics,intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words.Intonation语调语调2.Wordsn.v.adj.adv.pron.prep.conj.interj.art.2.1词类词类PartsofSpeechnoun,verb,adjective,adverb,pronoun,preposition,conjunction,interjection,article 派生法派生法复合法复合法 转化法转化法缩略法缩略法逆生法逆生法拟声法拟声法构构词词法法2.2 构词法 WordformationDerivation:able-unableCompounding:fire+fly-firefly Conversion:dust(n.)-dust(vt.)Abbreviation:UFOBack-formation:beggar-begOnomatopoeia:cuckoo Word formation2.2 构词法 WordformationDerivation:able-unableCompounding:fire+fly-firefly Conversion:dust(n.)-dust(vt.)Abbreviation:UFOBack-formation:beggar-begOnomatopoeia:cuckoo Word formation2.2 构词法 WordformationLecture6派生法派生法Derivation派派生生法法前缀前缀(prefix)后缀后缀(suffix)否定前缀否定前缀方位前缀方位前缀名词后缀名词后缀形容词后缀形容词后缀副词后缀副词后缀动词后缀动词后缀其他前缀其他前缀1)1)纯否定前缀纯否定前缀a-,ab-,an-asymmetry,abnormal,anhydrousdis-dishonest,dislikein-(ig-,il-,im-,ir-)incapable,inability,ignoble,impossible,immoral,illegal,irregularnon-nonsenseun-unable,unemployment.1.表示否定意义的前缀表示否定意义的前缀 前前缀缀(prefix)2)表示错误的意义表示错误的意义 mal-malfunction,maladjustmentmis-mistake,misleadpseudo-pseudonym(假名假名),pseudoscience.3)3)表示反动作的意思表示反动作的意思 de-decode,demodulation(解调解调)dis-disarm,disconnectun-unload,uncover.4)4)表示相反，相互对立意思表示相反，相互对立意思 anti-,ant-antiknock(防防 震震),antiforeign(排外的排外的)contra-,contre-,contro-contradiction,controflow(逆逆流流)counter-counterreaction,counterbalancewith-withdraw,withstand.1)a-表表示示“在在之之上上”，“向向”aboard,aside2)by-表示表示“附近，邻近，边侧附近，邻近，边侧”bypath,bypass(弯路弯路)3)circum-,circu-表表示示“周周围围，环环绕绕，回转回转”，circumstance,circuit.2.表示表示方位的前缀方位的前缀 4)de-表示表示“在下，向下在下，向下”descend,degrade5)en-表示表示“在内，进入在内，进入”encage,encode6)ex-表示表示“外部，外外部，外”exit,expand,export.7)extra-表示表示“额外额外”extraction（提取）（提取）8)fore-表示表示“在前面在前面”forehead,foreground9)in-(il-,im-,ir-)表表示示“向向内内，在内，背于在内，背于”inland,invade,import.10)inter-表表 示示“在在 间间，相相 互互”Cf.intra-international,interaction,internet11)intro-表示表示“向内，在内，内侧向内，在内，内侧”introduce,introduction12)mid-,medi-,med-表示表示“中，中间中，中间”Mediterranean,midposition.13)out-表示表示“在上面，在外部，在外在上面，在外部，在外”outline,outside,outward 14)over-表表示示“在在上上面面，在在外外部部，向向上上”overlook,overhead,overboard 15)post-表示表示向后，在后边，次向后，在后边，次”postscript,post-modern.16)pre-表示表示“在前在前,在前面在前面”prefix,preface,preposition17)pro-表示表示“在前，向前在前，向前;支持支持”progress,proceed,pro-American18)sub-表示表示“在下面，下在下面，下”subway,submarine.19)super-,sur-表示表示“在在.之上之上”superficial,surface,superstructure 20)trans-表示表示“移上，在那一边移上，在那一边”translate,transform,transoceanic 21)under-表示表示“在在.下面，下的下面，下的”underline,underground,underwater 22)up-表示表示“向上，向上面，在上向上，向上面，在上”upward,uphold,uphill.3.其他前缀其他前缀 千千 kilo-小小mini-micro-再次，重新再次，重新 re-副副vice-一起一起 co-多多/单一单一multi-/mono-双双 bi-半半 semi-hemi-demi-.3.其他前缀其他前缀 千千 kilo-小小mini-micro-再次，重新再次，重新 re-副副vice-一起一起 co-多多/单一单一multi-/mono-双双 bi-半半 semi-hemi-demi-.Lecture7名词后缀名词后缀-er -or -ur-ee-eer-age -ness -tion -ation -ure -hood -al -ing -ility -ism -ment -ty -ship -ese -ist -ian -ion -ance -ence -ity -ant -ent -th.后后缀缀(suffix)“-or”wordsactor,ambassador,ancestor,anchor,bachelor,conductor,director,doctor,editor,error,educator,emperor,junior,mirror,monitor,motor,operator,professor,razor,sailor,tutor,translator,tractor,tailor,scissors,senior,sponsor,superior,terror,refrigerator,labor.形容词后缀形容词后缀-ful -less -ive -y -ly -able -al -ed -ing -ic -ish -like -some-ous -ible -ical -eous -ious.副词后缀副词后缀-ly 动词后缀动词后缀-en-ify-ize/ise-yze/yse数词后缀数词后缀-teen -ty -th.Compounding 复合法复合法复复合合法法1.1.直接写在一起。直接写在一起。2.2.用连字符用连字符(-)(-)连接。连接。3.3.由两个分开的词构成。由两个分开的词构成。方法方法方式方式1.1.复合形容词的构成复合形容词的构成 2.2.复合名词的构成。复合名词的构成。3.3.其他复合词的构成。其他复合词的构成。把两个或两个以上的词合把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词成一个新词,这种构词的这种构词的方法叫做合成法方法叫做合成法 概念概念复合形容词的构成复合形容词的构成方式方式例例词词形容词形容词形容词形容词red-hot,bitter-sweet形容词名词形容词名词first-class,full-time形容词现在分词形容词现在分词good-looking形容词过去分词形容词过去分词ready-made形容词名词形容词名词-edgood-tempered名词名词名词名词-ediron-willed名词形容词名词形容词world-famous名词现在分词名词现在分词beauty-loving复合形容词的构成复合形容词的构成方式方式例例词词名词过去分词名词过去分词man-made副词形容词副词形容词ever-green副词现在分词副词现在分词hard-working副词过去分词副词过去分词well-prepared数词名词数词名词five-year数词名词数词名词+形容词形容词five-year-old数词名词数词名词-edfour-legged复合名词的构成方式方式例词例词名词名词名词名词horseback,bank-note形容词名词形容词名词 back-yard,forehead动名词名词动名词名词 hiding-place,reading-room动词副词动词副词get-off,break-in,breakdown副词动词副词动词output,overflow动词名词动词名词pickpocket,break-water副词名词副词名词overcoat,inland代词名词代词名词he-goat,she-wolf名词介词名词介词名词名词editor-in-chief,father-in-law其他复合词的构成其他复合词的构成方式方式例例词词复复合合动动词词名词动词名词动词sun-bathe副词动词副词动词overcome,upturn形容词动词形容词动词 white-wash复复合合副副词词名词名词+名词名词sideways名词名词+副词副词headfirst形容词形容词+名词名词meanwhile介词介词+名词名词beforehand其他复合词的构成其他复合词的构成方式方式例例词词复复合合代代词词代词宾格或物代词宾格或物主代词主代词+self(selves)himself,ourselves某些不定代词某些不定代词+body(one,thing)everyone(everybody,everything),nobody(noone,nothing)3)转化转化 conversion4)缩略缩略 abbreviation 5)逆生逆生 backformation6)拟声拟声 onomatopoeia 其他构词法其他构词法elbowshoulderdustemail .3)转化转化 conversion ad,auto,bike,coke,doc,dorm,exam,expo,fax,gas,gent,hippo,Jap,kilo,lab,flu,plane,quake,fridge,IOC,UN,OPEC,ISBN,GMT,TV,CD,CAD,H-bomb,cm,km,e.g.,i.e.,etc.4)缩略缩略 abbreviation televisiondonationbeggarappreciationeditorlazy .5)逆生逆生 backformationJingle belldingdong,pingpong,PepsiCoca-cola .6)拟声拟声 onomatopoeia1)Simple Sentence2)Complex 3)Compound 4)Compound-complex 3.Sentences1)Simple 简单句简单句 a.陈述句陈述句 I want to be alone.b.疑问句疑问句 What did you say?c.祈使句祈使句 Go away!d.感叹句感叹句 What a madam!2)Complex 复杂句复杂句 从句从句I think it is your fault.If you say so,I will go.3)Compound复合句复合句 and,but,or,soHe is tired but he cannot stop.Tom went quickly,so he did not miss the last train.4)Compound-complex I will telephone him when I have time and I hope he can give me a detailed explanation.英汉对比英汉对比Lecture8English vs.Chinese A Comparative Study2.1 英汉语言对比吕叔湘先生曾经指出：“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，可以启发我们注意被我们忽启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象略过去的现象。”汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前马氏马氏文通文通，这是我国第一部第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。世界上每一种语言都有自己的语法，否则，人们就不能进行翻译实践和翻译理论的研究。2.1.1 主语与主题中国传统哲学主张“天人合一天人合一”、“万物与我为一万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。你能找出“活到老，学到老”中的主语吗？为什么？你能找出其中的主题吗？试译以下这个简单的句子：A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.参考译文1 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。参考译文2 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。虽然参考译文1在形式上与英语句子的主谓结构相对应，但并不符合汉语的表达习惯。所以译者应善于将英语的“主语谓语”结构转换成汉语的“主题评论”结构。课内练习现在请大家通过翻译以下的简单句子并掌握这一技巧1.I would not believe what he said.2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.3.I know Mr.Wang.4.He is the best singer.参考译文1.I would not believe what he said.他的话，我可不信。2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。3.I know Mr.Wang.王先生我认识。4.He is the best singer.唱歌，他是最棒的。2.1.2 形合与意合英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景之下形成的。与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流,只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的,词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。“小桥流水人家”这句诗没有一个谓语动词,但其所描绘的画面和包含的意蕴却是回味无穷的。在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段。用前两种手段连接成为形合（hypotaxis），用后一种手段连接成为意合（parataxis）。英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。试比较以下的英汉句子 1.Even