Linux设备驱动之USBhub驱动.docx

Linux设备驱动之USB hub驱动

Linux设备驱动之USB hub驱动

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一:前言

继UHCI的驱动之后,我们对USB Control的运作有了一定的了解.在接下来的分析中,我们对USB设备的驱动做一个全面的分析,我们先从HUB的驱动说起.关于HUB,usb2.0 spec上有详细的定义,基于这部份的代码位于linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core下,也就是说,这部份代码是位于core下,和具体设备是无关的,因为各厂商的hub都是按照spec的要求来设计的.

二:UHCI驱动中的root hub

记得在分析UHCI驱动的时候,曾详细分析过root hub的初始化操作.为了分析方便,将代码片段列出如下:

usb_add_hcd() à usb_alloc_dev():

struct usb_device *usb_alloc_dev(struct usb_device *parent,

struct usb_bus *bus, unsigned port1)

{

……

……

//usb_device,内嵌有struct device结构,对这个结构进行初始化

device_initialize(&dev->dev);

dev->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type;

dev->dev.type = &usb_device_type;

……

……

}

一看到前面对dev的赋值,根据我们对设备模型的理解,一旦这个device进行注册,就会发生driver和device的匹配过程了.

不过,现在还不是分析这个过程的时候,我们先来看一下,USB子系统中的两种驱动.

三:USB子系统中的两种驱动

linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core/driver.c中,我们可以找到两种register driver的方式,分别为usb_register_driver()和usb_register_device_driver().分别来分析一下这两个接口.

usb_register_device_driver()接口的代码如下:

int usb_register_device_driver(struct usb_device_driver *new_udriver,

struct module *owner)

{

int retval = 0;

if (usb_disabled())

return -ENODEV;

new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices = 1;

new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_udriver->name;

new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type;

new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_device;

new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_device;

new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner;

retval = driver_register(&new_udriver->drvwrap.driver);

if (!retval) {

pr_info(“%s: registered new device driver %s\n”,

usbcore_name, new_udriver->name);

usbfs_update_special();

} else {

printk(KERN_ERR “%s: error %d registering device “

“ driver %s\n”,

usbcore_name, retval, new_udriver->name);

}

return retval;

}

首先,通过usb_disabled()来判断一下usb是否被禁用,如果被禁用,当然就不必执行下面的流程了,直接退出即可.

从上面的代码,很明显可以看到, struct usb_device_driver 对struct device_driver进行了一次封装,我们注意一下这里的赋值操作:new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices = 1.等等.这些在后面都是用派上用场的.

usb_register_driver()的代码如下:

int usb_register_driver(struct usb_driver *new_driver, struct module *owner,

const char *mod_name)

{

int retval = 0;

if (usb_disabled())

return -ENODEV;

new_driver->drvwrap.for_devices = 0;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_driver->name;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_interface;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_interface;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner;

new_driver->drvwrap.driver.mod_name = mod_name;

spin_lock_init(&new_driver->dynids.lock);

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&new_driver->dynids.list);

retval = driver_register(&new_driver->drvwrap.driver);

if (!retval) {

pr_info(“%s: registered new interface driver %s\n”,

usbcore_name, new_driver->name);

usbfs_update_special();

usb_create_newid_file(new_driver);

} else {

printk(KERN_ERR “%s: error %d registering interface “

“ driver %s\n”,

usbcore_name, retval, new_driver->name);

}

return retval;

}

很明显,在这里接口里,将new_driver->drvwrap.for_devices设为了0.而且两个接口的porbe()函数也不一样.

其实,对于usb_register_driver()可以看作是usb设备中的接口驱动,而usb_register_device_driver()是一个单纯的USB设备驱动.

四: hub的驱动分析

4.1: usb_bus_type->match()的匹配过程

usb_bus_type->match()用来判断驱动和设备是否匹配,它的代码如下:

static int usb_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)

{

/* 整理 by www.linux100.org */

//usb device的情况

if (is_usb_device(dev)) {

/* interface drivers never match devices */

if (!is_usb_device_driver(drv))

return 0;

/* TODO: Add real matching code */

return 1;

}

//interface的情况

else {

struct usb_interface *intf;

struct usb_driver *usb_drv;

const struct usb_device_id *id;

/*整理 by www.linux100.org */

if (is_usb_device_driver(drv))

return 0;

intf = to_usb_interface(dev);

usb_drv = to_usb_driver(drv);

id = usb_match_id(intf, usb_drv->id_table);

if (id)

return 1;

id = usb_match_dynamic_id(intf, usb_drv);

if (id)

return 1;

}

return 0;

}

这里的match会区分上面所说的两种驱动,即设备的驱动和接口的驱动.

is_usb_device()的代码如下:

static inline int is_usb_device(const struct device *dev)

{

return dev->type == &usb_device_type;

}

很明显,对于root hub来说,这个判断是肯定会满足的.

static inline int is_usb_device_driver(struct device_driver *drv)

{

return container_of(drv, struct usbdrv_wrap, driver)->

for_devices;

}

回忆一下,我们在分析usb_register_device_driver()的时候,不是将new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices置为了1么?所以对于usb_register_device_driver()注册的驱动来说,这里也是会满足的.

因此,对应root hub的情况,从第一个if就会匹配到usb_register_device_driver()注册的驱动.

对于接口的驱动,我们等遇到的时候再来进行分析.

4.2:root hub的驱动入口

既然我们知道,root hub会匹配到usb_bus_type->match()的驱动,那这个驱动到底是什么呢?我们从usb子系统的初始化开始说起.

在linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core/usb.c中.有这样的一段代码:

subsys_initcall(usb_init);

对于subsys_initcall()我们已经不陌生了,在很多地方都会遇到它.在系统初始化的时候,会调用到它对应的函数.在这里,即为usb_init().

在usb_init()中,有这样的代码片段:

static int __init usb_init(void)

{

……

……

retval = usb_register_device_driver(&usb_generic_driver, THIS_MODULE);

if (!retval)

goto out;

……

}

在这里终于看到usb_register_device_driver()了. usb_generic_driver会匹配到所有usb 设备.定义如下:

struct usb_device_driver usb_generic_driver = {

.name = “usb”,

.probe = generic_probe,

.disconnect = generic_disconnect,

#ifdefCONFIG_PM

.suspend = generic_suspend,

.resume = generic_resume,

#endif

.supports_autosuspend = 1,

};

现在是到分析probe()的时候了.我们这里说的并不是usb_generic_driver中的probe,而是封装在struct usb_device_driver中的driver对应的probe函数.

在上面的分析, usb_register_device_driver()将封装的driver的probe()函数设置为了usb_probe_device().代码如下:

static int usb_probe_device(struct device *dev)

{

struct usb_device_driver *udriver = to_usb_device_driver(dev->driver);

struct usb_device *udev;

int error = -ENODEV;

dev_dbg(dev, “%s\n”, __FUNCTION__);

//再次判断dev是否是usb device

if (!is_usb_device(dev)) /* Sanity check */

return error;

udev = to_usb_device(dev);

/* TODO: Add real matching code */

/* The device should always appear to be in use

* unless the driver suports autosuspend.

*/

//pm_usage_cnt: autosuspend计数.如果此计数为1,则不允许autosuspend

udev->pm_usage_cnt = !(udriver->supports_autosuspend);

error = udriver->probe(udev);

return error;

}

首先,可以通过container_of()将封装的struct device, struct device_driver转换为struct usb_device和struct usb_device_driver.

然后,再执行一次安全检查,判断dev是否是属于一个usb device.

在这里,我们首次接触到了hub suspend.如果不支持suspend(udriver->supports_autosuspend为0),则udev->pm_usage_cnt被设为1,也就是说,它不允许设备suspend.否则,将其初始化为0.

最后,正如你所看到的,流程转入到了usb_device_driver->probe().

对应到root hub,流程会转入到generic_probe().代码如下:

static int generic_probe(struct usb_device *udev)

{

int err, c;

/* put device-specific files into sysfs */

usb_create_sysfs_dev_files(udev);

/* Choose and set the configuration.This registers the interfaces

* with the driver core and lets interface drivers bind to them.

*/

if (udev->authorized == 0)

dev_err(&udev->dev, “Device is not authorized for usage\n”);

else {

//选择和设定一个配置

c = usb_choose_configuration(udev);

if (c >= 0) {

err = usb_set_configuration(udev, c);

if (err) {

dev_err(&udev->dev, “can’t set config #%d, error %d\n”,

c, err);

/* This need not be fatal.The user can try to

* set other configurations. */

}

}

}

/* USB device state == configured ... usable */

usb_notify_add_device(udev);

return 0;

}

usb_create_sysfs_dev_files()是在sysfs中显示几个属性文件,不进行详细分析,有兴趣的可以结合之前分析的>来看下代码.

usb_notify_add_device()是有关notify链表的操作,这里也不做详细分析.

至于udev->authorized,在root hub的初始化中,是会将其初始化为1的.后面的逻辑就更简单了.为root hub 选择一个配置然后再设定这个配置.

还记得我们在分析root hub的时候,在usb_new_device()中,会将设备的所有配置都取出来,然后将它们放到了usb_device-> config.现在这些信息终于会派上用场了.不太熟悉的,可以看下本站之前有关usb控制器驱动的文档.

Usb2.0 spec上规定,对于hub设备,只能有一个config,一个interface,一个endpoint.实际上,在这里,对hub的选择约束不大,反正就一个配置,不管怎么样,选择和设定都是这个配置.

不过,为了方便以后的分析,我们还是跟进去看下usb_choose_configuration()和usb_set_configuration()的实现.

实际上,经过这两个函数之后,设备的probe()过程也就会结束了.

4.2.1:usb_choose_configuration()函数分析

usb_choose_configuration()的代码如下:

//为usb device选择一个合适的配置

int usb_choose_configuration(struct usb_device *udev)

{

int i;

int num_configs;

int insufficient_power = 0;

struct usb_host_config *c, *best;

best = NULL;

//config数组

c = udev->config;

//config项数

num_configs = udev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations;

//遍历所有配置项

for (i = 0; i

struct usb_interface_descriptor *desc = NULL;

/* It’s possible that a config has no interfaces! */

//配置项的接口数目

//取配置项的第一个接口

if (c->desc.bNumInterfaces > 0)

desc = &c->intf_cache[0]->altsetting->desc;

/*

* HP’s USB bus-powered keyboard has only one configuration

* and it claims to be self-powered; other devices may have

* similar errors in their descriptors.If the next test

* were allowed to execute, such configurations would always

* be rejected and the devices would not work as expected.

* In the meantime, we run the risk of selecting a config

* that requires external power at a time when that power

* isn’t available.It seems to be the lesser of two evils.

*

* Bugzilla #6448 reports a device that appears to crash

* when it receives a GET_DEVICE_STATUS request!We don’t

* have any other way to tell whether a device is self-powered,

* but since we don’t use that information anywhere but here,

* the call has been removed.

*

* Maybe the GET_DEVICE_STATUS call and the test below can

* be reinstated when device firmwares become more reliable.

* Don’t hold your breath.

*/

#if 0

/* Rule out self-powered configs for a bus-powered device */

if (bus_powered && (c->desc.bmAttributes &

USB_CONFIG_ATT_SELFPOWER))

continue;

#endif

/*

* The next test may not be as effective as it should be.

* Some hubs have errors in their descriptor, claiming

* to be self-powered when they are really bus-powered.

* We will overestimate the amount of current such hubs

* make available for each port.

*

* This is a fairly benign sort of failure.It won’t

* cause us to reject configurations that we should have

* accepted.

*/

/* Rule out configs that draw too much bus current */

//电源不足.配置描述符中的电力是所需电力的1/2

if (c->desc.bMaxPower * 2 > udev->bus_mA) {

insufficient_power++;

continue;

}

/* When the first config’s first interface is one of Microsoft’s

* pet nonstandard Ethernet-over-USB protocols, ignore it unless

* this kernel has enabled the necessary host side driver.

*/

if (i == 0 && desc && (is_rndis(desc) || is_activesync(desc))) {

#if !defined(CONFIG_USB_NET_RNDIS_HOST) && !defined(CONFIG_USB_NET_RNDIS_HOST_MODULE)

continue;

#else

best = c;

#endif

}

/* From the remaining configs, choose the first one whose

* first interface is for a non-vendor-specific class.

* Reason: Linux is more likely to have a class driver

* than a vendor-specific driver. */

//选择一个不是USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC的配置

else if (udev->descriptor.bDeviceClass !=

USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC &&

(!desc || desc->bInterfaceClass !=

USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC)) {

best = c;

break;

}

/* If all the remaining configs are vendor-specific,

* choose the first one. */

else if (!best)

best = c;

}

if (insufficient_power > 0)

dev_info(&udev->dev, “rejected %d configuration%s “

“due to insufficient available bus power\n”,

insufficient_power, plural(insufficient_power));

//如果选择好了配置,返回配置的序号,否则,返回-1

if (best) {

i = best->desc.bConfigurationValue;

dev_info(&udev->dev,

“configuration #%d chosen from %d choice%s\n”,

i, num_configs, plural(num_configs));

} else {

i = -1;

dev_warn(&udev->dev,

“no configuration chosen from %d choice%s\n”,

num_configs, plural(num_configs));

}

return i;

}

Linux按照自己的喜好选择好了配置之后,返回配置的序号.不过对于HUB来说,它有且仅有一个配置.

4.2.2:usb_set_configuration()函数分析

既然已经选好配置了,那就告诉设备选好的配置,这个过程是在usb_set_configuration()中完成的.它的代码如下:

int usb_set_configuration(struct usb_device *dev, int configuration)

{

int i, ret;

struct usb_host_config *cp = NULL;

struct usb_interface **new_interfaces = NULL;

int n, nintf;

if (dev->authorized == 0 || configuration == -1)

configuration = 0;

else {

for (i = 0; i descriptor.bNumConfigurations; i++) {

if (dev->config.desc.bConfigurationValue ==

configuration) {

cp = &dev->config;

break;

}

}

}

if ((!cp && configuration != 0))

return -EINVAL;

/* The USB spec says configuration 0 means unconfigured.

* But if a device includes a configuration numbered 0,

* we will accept it as a correctly configured state.

* Use -1 if you really want to unconfigure the device.

*/

if (cp && configuration == 0)

dev_warn(&dev->dev, “config 0 descriptor??\n”);

首先,根据选择好的配置号找到相应的配置,在这里要注意了, dev->config[]数组中的配置并不是按照配置的序号来存放的,而是按照遍历到顺序来排序的.因为有些设备在发送配置描述符的时候,并不是按照配置序号来发送的,例如,配置2可能在第一次GET_CONFIGURATION就被发送了,而配置1可能是在第二次GET_CONFIGURATION才能发送.

取得配置描述信息之后,要对它进行有效性判断,注意一下本段代码的最后几行代码:usb2.0 spec上规定,0号配置是无效配置,但是可能有些厂商的设备并末按照这一约定,所以在linux中,遇到这种情况只是打印出警告信息,然后尝试使用这一配置.

/* Allocate memory for new interfaces before doing anything else,

* so that if we run out then nothing will have changed. */

n = nintf = 0;

if (cp) {

//接口总数

nintf = cp->desc.bNumInterfaces;

//interface指针数组,

new_interfaces = kmalloc(nintf * sizeof(*new_interfaces),

GFP_KERNEL);

if (!new_interfaces) {

dev_err(&dev->dev, “Out of memory\n”);

return -ENOMEM;

}

for (; n

new_interfaces[n] = kzalloc(

sizeof(struct usb_interface),

GFP_KERNEL);

if (!new_interfaces[n]) {

dev_err(&dev->dev, “Out of memory\n”);

ret = -ENOMEM;

free_interfaces:

while (--n >= 0)

kfree(new_interfaces[n]);

kfree(new_interfaces);

return ret;

}

}

//如果总电源小于所需电流,打印警告信息

i = dev->bus_mA - cp->desc.bMaxPower * 2;

if (i

dev_warn(&dev->dev, “new config #%d exceeds power “

“limit by %dmA\n”,

configuration, -i);

}

在这里,注要是为new_interfaces分配空间,要这意的是, new_interfaces是一个二级指针,它的最终指向是struct usb_interface结构.特别的,如果总电流数要小于配置所需电流,则打印出警告消息.实际上,这种情况在usb_choose_configuration()中已经进行了过滤.

/* Wake up the device so we can send it the Set-Config request */

//要对设备进行配置了,先唤醒它

ret = usb_autoresume_device(dev);

if (ret)

goto free_interfaces;

/* if it’s already configured, clear out old state first.

* getting rid of old interfaces means unbinding their drivers.

*/

//不是处于ADDRESS状态,先清除设备的状态

if (dev->state != USB_STATE_ADDRESS)

usb_disable_device(dev, 1); /* Skip ep0 */

//发送控制消息,选取配置

ret = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),

USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION, 0, configuration, 0,

NULL, 0, USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT);

if (ret

/* All the old state is gone, so what else can we do?

* The device is probably useless now anyway.

*/

cp = NULL;

}

//dev->actconfig存放的是当前设备选取的配置

dev->actconfig = cp;

if (!cp) {

usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_ADDRESS);

usb_autosuspend_device(dev);

goto free_interfaces;

}

//将状态设为CONFIGURED

usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_CONFIGURED);

接下来,就要对设备进行配置了,首先,将设备唤醒.回忆一下我们在分析UHCI驱动时,列出来的设备状态图.只有在ADDRESS状态才能转入到CONFIG状态.(SUSPEND状态除外). 所以,如果设备当前不是处于ADDRESS状态,就需要将设备的状态初始化.usb_disable_device()函数是个比较重要的操作,在接下来再对它进行详细分析.

接着,发送SET_CONFIGURATION的Control消息给设备,用来选择配置

最后,将dev->actconfig指向选定的配置,将设备状态设为CONFIG

/* Initialize the new int