英美文学史件.pptx

English Literature in the 18th CentryGroup 4 IntroductionIntroduction1.Enlightenment-WesternEurope,18tha progressive intellectual movementthe struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalismEnglish enlighteners differ from those of Francemost English writers are enlightenersa.moderate group-moderate group-support the principles of the existing society(Alexander Pope,Joseph Addison,Richard Steele,Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson)b.radical group-radical group-struggle for a resolute democratisation(Jonathan Swift,Henry Fielding,Tobias Gorge Smollett,Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan)2.LiteraryChariacteristicsoftheAgethe mainthe main literary steam literary steam-realism-realismthe main the main characterscharacters of the works-common menof the works-common menconcentrations-describe the daily lifeconcentrations-describe the daily lifeLiterature:newspaper(newborn),books,magazineLiterature:newspaper(newborn),books,magazines,pamphlets)s,pamphlets)An age of An age of posepose-poetry was inadequate-poetry was inadequate(Addison,Steele,Swift and Fielding)(Addison,Steele,Swift and Fielding)Novel writing:common people instead of kings Novel writing:common people instead of kings and noblesand noblesWriting device-Writing device-satire(Pope,Swift and Fielding)-satire(Pope,Swift and Fielding)3.EnglishLiteratureintheThreeStagesoftheEnligthenmenta.thefirstperiod(GloriousRevolution-theendofthe1730s)neo-classicisminpoetry(AlexanderPope)anewposeliteratureappeared-essaysofAddison,Steele;thefirstrealisticfictionofDefoeandSwift(majorauthor)b.thesecondperiod(1740s-1750s,mature)novelsofRichardson,FieldingandSmollettc.thethirdperiod(thelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury)newliterarytendencies:sentimentalism-poetry(EdwardYoungandThomasGray)chieflyinnovels(LaurenceSterneandOliverGoldsmith)pre-romanticism-poetry(minorpoets,WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns)theimportantdramatist-RichardBrinsleySheridan(realisticplaywright)Conlusion:literatureofthe18thcentury-complexthreegeneralheads:thereignofneo-classicismtheappearanceofpre-romanticpoettythebeginningofmodernnovelsThe three stages of the enlightenmentthefirstperiod-the early period(from the glorious revolution to the end of the 1730s)Literature:Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismThethirdperiod-thelastperiod(1760s-1800s)sentimentalism&pre-romanticismThesecondperiod-thematureperiod(1740s-1750s)novel:Richardson,Fielding,Smollettthefirstperiod-the early period(from the glorious revolution to the end of the 1730s)Literature:Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismFeatures:writers endeavored to imitate the characteristics of the Roman writers who made Roman literature famous in the days of Augustus,such as Horace,Virgil,Cicero.the tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers.(in writing plays,using rhyming couplet instead of blank verse;they observed the unities of time,place and action;and poetry should follow the ancient divisions).MajorfiguresoftheNeo-ClassicalSchool*Alexander Pope(1688-1744)*Richard Steele and Joseph Addison*Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)*James Boswell(1740-1795)Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismMajorfiguresAlexanderPope(1688-1744)A master of satire and heroic couplet,and satiric and didactic verse.Works:An Essay on Criticism-heroic coupletHe put forward his aesthetic theories in it and it is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism.The Rape of the Lock-mock-heroic poemAn Essay on Man-heroic coupletThe Dunciad-Popes famous satirical poem It shows the poets struggle against ignorance and barbarism as well as dullness and emptiness all around him.Influnce/Cnotribution:He exerted a strong influence upon the other writers of the age.He introduced the spirit of rationalism into English culture.The early 18th century has often been named as the Age of Pope.Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismMajorfiguresRichardSteeleandJosephAddison（The two names are often linked together in English literature because of their joint literary woke.）Works:The TatlerThe paper became popular because it was just the sort of thing that suited the needs of the reading public among the bourgeoisie.The SpectatorThe most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr Spectator and the other members of his club,which become the forerunner of the modern English novel.Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismMajorfiguresContribution:their writings in The Tatler and The Spectator provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.The draw a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.In their hands,the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre.Using it as a form of character sketching and storytelling,they ushered in the dawn of the modern novelSamuel Johnson(1709-1784)Works:The Dictionary of the English LanguageThe dictionary brought him much fame and it became the foundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries.Lives of the Poets It consists of the biographies of 52 poets and provide some of the best-known pictures of the early English poets.Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismMajorfiguresJames Boswell(1740-1795)He has been known for his biography of Johnson entitled The Life of Samuel Johnson,owing to which,he has been considered one of the best biographers in English literature.Neo-ClassicismNeo-ClassicismMajorfiguresThesecondperiod-thematureperiod(1740s-1750s)novel:Richardson,Fielding,SmollettthematureperiodoftheEnlightment(1740-1750realisticnovelists:Fielding and Smollet Fierce attack on the existing social conditions Sentimentalnovelists：Richardson HenryFielding(1707-1754)EntitlesEntitles:a novelist(the greatest novelist of the eighteenth:a novelist(the greatest novelist of the eighteenth century),a dramatist,an essayist P93century),a dramatist,an essayist P93 LifeexperienceLifeexperience:came from an aristocratic family came from an aristocratic family A popular playwriter in London(satiric comedies),expose the A popular playwriter in London(satiric comedies),expose the corruption,hypocrisy and cruelty of officials and arouse hatred corruption,hypocrisy and cruelty of officials and arouse hatred of ruling class,forced to end his career as a playwright.of ruling class,forced to end his career as a playwright.A judge in 1748A judge in 1748 Died in Lisbon in 1754Died in Lisbon in 1754Importantposition:Importantposition:Founder of the English realistic novelist Founder of the English realistic novelist Exact observation and study of the real life and human nature Exact observation and study of the real life and human naturerealisticnovelistsMajorfiguresWorksA）1729-1737dramatistusingdramasasweapontoridiculeandattacktheviceofthe25plays,includingcomedies,farces,burlesques,anddramaticsatiresRepresentativeworks:TheHistoricalRegisterfortheYear1736Plotico-satiricplayB）novelistFeaturesofhisworks:1.firstpersonnarrative2.Satireaboundeverywhere3.Teachingwovenintohisverytexture4.Easy,unlaboured,familiar,vivid,vigorousrealisticnovelistsHenryFielding1.MasterpiecetheHistoryofTomJonensAFoundinginfluence：strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society;sympathy for the courageous young rebels2.satiricalnovelJonathanWildtheGreatA bitter satire on the exploiting and oppressing class;best exposure of the corruption of the bourgeois society3.hisfirstnovelJosephAndrewsIntention of ridiculing Richardsons novel PamelarealisticnovelistsHenryFieldingTobiasGeorgeSmolletEntitles:surgeon,novelistLifeexperience:1763-1766 travel on European continent 1771 died in ItalyWorks:dealing with the recollections of his own adventures and experiencesThe Adventure of Roderick RandomThe Adventure of Peregrine PickleThe Expedition of Humphry ClinkerFeatures:1.Humour2.Use the form of the picaresquerealisticnovelistsMajorfiguresSamuelRichardson(1689-1761)Entitles:printer,writerLifeexperience:a natural gifted letter witerWorks:1.Pamela or Virtue Rewarded In form of letters,penetrate psychological study of the heroine and criticize the bourgeois moral standards and hypocrisy 2.masterpiece;Clarissa Harlowe or the History of a Young Lady A tragedy of a young lady who is weak and helpless but who also dares to revolt social evils Far-reaching influence in European countries(effect on Jane Austen)3.Sir Charles GrandisonFeatures:1.moral purpose2.Has much sympathy of female characters3.Written in the form of lettersSentimentalnovelistsMajorfiguresThesecondperiod-thematureperiod(1740s-1750s)novel:Richardson,Fielding,SmollettThe meaning of sentimentalismIt indulges in emotion and sentiment,which are used as a sort of relief for the grief and heartaches felt toward the worlds wrongs,and as a kind of mild protest against the social injusticeThe writers who followed this tradition react against anything rational and advocate that sentiment should take the place of reasonThe sentimental novelSamuel Richardson,the first novelist of sentimentalist tradition,has much sympathy for women in their inferior social status and enters into detailed psychological study of female characters the master of epistolary novelsImportant works Pamela(or Virtue Rewarded)Clarissa Harlowe(orthe History of a Young Lady)Sir Charles GrandisonClarissa HarloweThe novel consisting of 8 volumes tells us a tragedy of a young lady an epistolary novel has far-reaching influence in European countries in France,highly praised by Diderot(狄德罗)and Rousseau(卢梭)in Germany,influence upon Goethe(歌德),The Sorrows of Young Werther(少年维特之烦恼）in England,effect upon Jane AustenThe sentimental novelLaurence SterneFeatures sentiment is more important than reason gives detailed descriptions of the characters inner thoughts and feelings characters are ordinary personsImportant works The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy(项狄传)A sentimental journey through France and ItalyThe sentimental novelOliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)He was a versatile and lovable genius of the 18th century,one of the most important poets in the romantic school of his age an excellent essayist,dramatistBest known as a novelistImportant works The Vicar of Wakefielda(威克菲尔德牧师)The Deserted Village(poem)She Stoops to Conquer(or The Mistakes of a Night)(comedy)The Citizen of the World (collection of familiar essays)The meaning of romanticismSixprominentcharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromtheso-calledclassicliterature1)marked by strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs2)returns to nature and plain humanity for its material3)marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature4)marked by intense human sympathy,and by a consequent understanding of the human heart 5)the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.So the works are endless variety6)Spenser,Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic MovementPoetry of the Pre-Romanticism and SentimentalismJamesThomson:the forerunner of the Romantic Movement,found inspiration in Miltons blank verse and wrote about the country lifeHis fame rests upon the poem,The SeasonsEdwardYoung:The Complaint(or Night Thoughts on Life,Death,and Immortality)William Collins:a series of Odes,especially Ode to EveningThomasGray:Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardJames Macpherson:a collection called Works of OssianBishop Thomas Percy:Reliques of Ancient English PoetryThomas Chatterton:Rowley PoemsWilliam Cowper:The Task(contain six books)George Crabbe:The Village,The Parish Register and The Borough The two great romantic poets of the last 20 years of the 18th century William Blake(1757-1827)a forerunner of the Romantic MovementHis greatness lies in his master of art and verse,and of an extreme and moving simplicityMain works Songs of Innocence(1789):The Lamb,Holy Thursday,Laughing Song Songs of Experience(1794):The Tyger,The Fly,London,The Chimney-SweeperThe two great romantic poets of the last 20 years of the 18th centuryRobertBurns(1759-1796)theeldestsonofapoorScottishpeasantfamilymostofhispoemswerewrittenintheScottishdialectLuXunpraisedhimas“apoetofthelabouringpeopleSuccessfulworks:Poems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectMainworksaccordingtothesubjectmattersLyricsonloveandfriendship:John Anderson,My Jo,A Red,Red Rose,Auld Lang SyneHatredfortheoppressionoftherulingclassandloveforfreedom:A Mans a Man for A ThatPatrioticpoems:My Hearts in the Highlandverse-talesbasedonoldScottishlegends:John BarleycornFeaturesofBurnsPoetry1)oneofthegreatestwritersofsongsintheworld,thenationalpoetofScotland2)aplowman-thepeoplespoet3)hasadeepknowledgeandanexcellentmasteryoftheoldScottishsongtradition English Drama in the 18th Century1700-1720s:theItalianoperaandtheEnglishpantomimeJohnGay:The Beggars Operaanditssequel,Polly1730sthecomedies:HenryFielding-Jonathan Wildtheintroductionofbourgeoistragedy:GeorgeLillo-The London Merchant,or the History of George Barnwell1750-1800s:RichardBrinsleySheridan-thegreatestenglishplaywrightThe RivalsThe School for ScandalthebestEnglishcomedysinceShakespeare Thank you