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英语语音基础知识
要想说好英语，就要有英语语音的一些基本知识。以下内容供你参考。
1．关于语音的几个概念
1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2)音标：词的语音形式。
3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。
英语中有20元音。
6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。
英语中有28辅音。
7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音：
1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth
3)[e] bed, desk, head, 4)[æ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6)[ɔ] hot, want
7)[ ɔ:] door, sport, author, bought, caught 8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9)[u] look, put, women, could 10)[Λ] cup, come, blood, rough
11)[ә:] girl, work, serve, nurse 12)[ә] ago, forget, famous, Saturday
13)[ei] cake, play, eight, great,
14)[ai] bike, neither, light, try, height, eye
15)[әu] cold, boat, soul, grow 16)[au] house, town
17)[ɔi] boy, oil 18)[iә] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19)[εә] pear, care, there, fair 20)[uә] tour, poor,
3. 辅音
1)[p] pen, 3)[t] tell
2)[b] bed, comb 4)[d], day, played, wanted
5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6)[g] big, go, guess, language
7)[m] man 8)[n] nine, knife, autumn 9)[η] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10)[l] land, world 11)[r] read, write, 12)[f] five, cough, laugh
13)[v] voice, of 14)[θ] think, 15)[ ð] this, bathe
16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf 17)[z] zoo, close,
18)[∫] sure, she, social, nation 19)[/] pleasure,
20)[h] hot, who, hour 21)[w] wall, what, answer
22)[j] yes 23)[t∫] child, teach, catch 24)[d/] joke, bridge,
25)[ts] boats 26)[dz] goods 27)[tr] tree 28)[dr] dream
4. 音节：音节是读音的基本单位，任何单词的读音，都是分解为一个个音节朗读。在英语中元音特别响亮，一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。一般说来，元音可以构成音节，辅音不响亮，不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。如：take 拿，ta'ble 桌子，pota'to` 马铃薯，pop`ula'tion 人口，congrat`ula'tion 祝贺。tel'ecommu`nica'tion 电讯
划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：bed 床，bet 打赌，seat 坐位，beat 毒打，beaut 极好的 beau'ty 美。两元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，辅音字母归后一音节，如：stu'dent 学生，la'bour 劳动。有两个辅音字母时，一个辅音字母归前一音节，一个归后一音节，如：let'ter 信，win'ter 冬天。不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如：fa'ther 父亲，tea'cher 教师。
5.开音节和闭音节
（1）音节按读音可以分为开音节和闭音节
开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节
(1) 绝对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，例如：we, hi, yo-yo
(2) 相对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母(除r)之外，最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如:take, make
在开音节中，这个元音字母发“字母”本身音，例如hi|hai|, use|ju:z|
(3) 闭音节：指元音字母后面有辅音字母(辅音字母r除外)构成的音节，如：leg, cross
2）音节按重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节
重读音节： 指在双音节或多音节词中有一个发音特别响亮的音节，叫重读音节，用重音符号“`”标于相应位置，其他音节为非重读音节，如begin |begin|，单音节词作重读处理，但不标重音符号。
英语构词法讲解与练习
一、类别
英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。
二、定义与精讲
1.转化法
英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。
动词转化为名词：
Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?
Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活况。
4)形容词转化为名词
①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服
②某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数如下，如：
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
appear出现→disappear消失 correct正确的→incorrect不正确的
lead带领→mislead领错 stop停下→ non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
alone单独的 antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴 internet互联网 reuse再用 subway地铁 telephone电话
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演员 mouth口→mouthful一口 music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify 提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……，向……east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.合成法
（1）合 成 名 词 构成方式例词 名词＋名词weekend周末 名词＋动词daybreak黎明 名词＋动名词handwriting书法 名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士
（2）合 成 形 容 词构成方式例词 名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的 名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的 名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的 名词＋过去分词man-made人造的 数词＋名词one-way单行的 数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的 数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的 形容词＋名词high-class高级的 形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词＋过去分词well-known著名的 介词＋名词downhill下坡的
（3）合 成 动 词 构成方式例词 名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷 副词＋动词overthrow推翻
（4）合 成 副 词 构成方式例词 形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词＋副词everywhere到处 副词＋副词however尽管如此 介词＋名词beforehand事先 介词＋副词forever永远（5合 成 介 词 构成方式例词 副词＋名词inside在……里面 介词＋副词within在……之内 副词＋介词into进入
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus
2)去尾mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam
kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
简单句的五种基本句型
句型一 主语+不及物动词（主谓）
不及物动词不能直接加宾语，如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。
不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。
例如：The meeting begins at half past nine.
The professor began his speech directly.
The books of this kind sell well . All the books were sold out.
练习：在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。
1. I don’t agree _____ you completely. I have my own opinion.
2. The dictionary is not Tom’s. It belongs _____ me.
3. Use your head, and you will think _____ some ways to solve the problem.
4. Look _____ the cloudy sky! It is going to rain.
句型二 主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）
[练习] 划出以下句子的主、谓、宾部分。
1. Doing morning exercises benefits our health.
2. I wrote a passage last night.
3. I doubt whether he will join us in the debate.
4. We missed going to college for that reason.
5. What he said touched me greatly.
句型三主语+系动词+表语（主系表）
系动词有表示“保持或状态”类的be, remain, stay, keep, prove等；
表示“变化”类的grow, turn, get, become, fall, go, come等
表示“感官”类的look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear等。
I am a senior school student while he is a junior one. 我是高中生，他是初中生。
After four years, Tom became a doctor. 四年后，汤姆成了一名医生。
The story sounds interesting and instructive.这故事听起来既有趣又有教育意义。
可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词(短语)、介词短语、从句、分词(短语)等。
例如：
In order to keep healthy, he takes exercise every day. (形容词作表语)
In my mind, my mother is my hero. (名词作表语)
Look! Your pet dog is there. (副词作表语)
The schoolbags come in different sizes. (介词短语作表语)
You’ve changed a lot. You are not what you were. (表语从句作表语)
Many passengers got injured in the accident. (过去分词作表语)
The machine keeps running for a long time. （现在分词短语作表语）
注意：第一，系动词没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等
例如：After two-day’s treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt)
He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用 is remained)
句型四主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）
一般地说，宾语指人为间接宾语，宾语指物为直接宾语。My father bought me a car. The singer sang us another song.
如果直接宾语放在及物动词之后、间接宾语之前，那么两个宾语之间应有一个介词(to, for等)。
The teacher offered some advice on learning English to us.
The singer sang another song for us.
[练习] 在每一空格上填上一个恰当的介词。
1. Mother bought a birthday cake ______me.
2. Give another apple_____ her. She likes it.
3. The company will provide some drinks ______ the volunteers.
句型五 主语+及物动词+复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)
宾补可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)等来充当。例如：Tom made the baby laugh.
Tell him to follow the instructions.
They made Beijing the capital of the PRC.
We saw the old man crossing the street when we walked.
I tried my best to make the lesson a lively one.
We found ourselves in great trouble.
Don’t leave the machine working all day long.
[练习] 根据汉语或英语提示在空格上填一个恰当的单词。
1. Let him ________(进来).
2. The teacher made the student ________(站) outside the classroom.
3. We made our classroom ________(明亮).
4. Did you have your bicycle ________(repair)?
5. He kept us ________(read) the story once and again.
6. The keeper kept the monkey ________(在笼子里).
7. I found myself ________(surround) by some snakes.
8. I would like to see the plan ________(carry) out.
9. Jim asked me ________(wait) him at the school gate.
10. Don’t allow the guests ________(smoke) here.
并列句
1、概述
由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句(compound sentence)。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立，互不依从，但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。
并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。常见的并列句结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。这种简单句常被叫做分句。
I help him and he helps me.（并列连词是and）
This is our first lesson, so I don't know your names. (并列连词so前有逗号）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.（并列连词是but）
Hurry up, or you'll be late.（并列连词是or）
One was filled with water, one with oil and one with vinegar.一（此句由3个分句组成，并列连词是and）
2、并列连词
并列连词（或连接副词）根据不同含义，分为如下几类：
（1）表示连接，常用的有and、both… and、not only...but also、neither...nor等。
Right now it's the summer vacation and I'm helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期间，我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。
Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him. 这调皮的男孩既不回家，他的父母也不寻找他。
（2）表示转折，常用的有but、yet、still、however、while等。
We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.在美国的南方，我们种植稻谷，而在较冷的北方，人们种植小麦。
The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn't find any work. Certainly he apologized, however, I won't forgive him.
Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could. 他反问他父亲，为什么他不能孵出小鸡，而母鸡却能。
（3）表示选择，常用的有or、or else、otherwise、otherwise、either...or等。
They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 他们必须从炉火边拿走，不然就有可能烤糊的。
Take this bus or else you won't get there in time.
Work hard, otherwise you'll be sorry. 努力用功，否则你会后悔。
Either you are mad or I am. 不是你疯了，就是我疯了。
（4）表示原因，只有for一个词。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
（5）表示结果，常用的有so、therefore。
It's time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 这是一年中收割稻谷的时期，因此，我每天都从早到晚的劳动。
He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car. 他日夜工作，所以有能力买那辆跑车。
【专项训练】：
一、用适当的并列连词填空：
1．The bell is ringing the lesson is over.
2．He was ill, he kept on working.
3．I can’t make up my mind we will go to Shanghai we will stay in our city.
4．He doesn’t talk much, he thinks a lot.
5．It must have rained last night the ground is still wet.
6．Jane was dressed in green Mary was dressed in blue.
7．He is clever, , he often makes mistakes.
8． did we write to her we called up her.
9．He doesn’t have any money I’m going to lend him some.
10．The child was sick; he, , didn’t go to school.
11．Put on more clothes, you’ll catch cold.
高中英语动词时态语态复习讲解
动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,
Has it stopped raining yet ?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when,
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There
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