语态转换译法.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,退出,返回章重点,第十四章 语态转换译法,14.1,顺译法,14.1.1,顺译成被动句,14.1.2,顺译成主动句,14.2,倒译法,14.2.1,把,by,后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,14.2.2,把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,14.2.3,倒译成汉语的无主句,14.3,分译法,14.4,惯译法,第十四章综合练习,及参考答案,课堂互动,1,课堂互动,2,课堂互动,3,课堂互动,4,综合练习,2,综合练习,1,第十四章重点,综合练习,3,-end,退出,2,第十四章,语态转换译法,Translation of Passive Voice,语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的互译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的主动语态的句子,或把英语的主动语态的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子,使译文显得地道自然，符合汉语习惯。语态转换译法是一种十分常见的翻译方法和技巧。,3,英语中，尤其是科技英语中,凡是不说出动作执行者（施事者），或无从说出动作执行者或者为了连贯上下文，使前后分句的主语保持一致，为了使叙述的重点突出，语意连贯，语气流畅，常用被动语态。在科技文章中，着力所写的是事物、物质或过程，而不是动作的执行者。在一般英语文体中，也常用被动语态，有的是出于礼貌，有的是要使措辞婉转圆通，有的则是为了着重事实真相和客观情景，而避开动作执行者的身份等。,4,例如：,As oil,is found,deep in the ground its presence cannot,be determined,by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock structure must,be carried out,.If it,is thought,that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“drilling rig”,is assembled,.The most obvious part of a drilling rig,is called,“a derrick”.,译文：,因为石油深埋地下，所以单靠研究地面还不能确定有无石油储量。因此，必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘测。如果认为某地域岩层含有石油，那就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。,5,It,is used,to lift sections of pipe,which,are lowered,into the hole made by the drill.As the hole,is being drilled,a steel pipe,is pushed,down to prevent the sides from falling in.If oil,is struck,a cover,is,firmly,fixed,to the top of the pipe and the oil,is allowed,to escape through a series of valves,(John Swales:,Writing Scientific English,).,续：,井架用来升吊分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔隙中。当孔隙钻成后，放入钢管以防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油，需在油管顶部紧固加盖，使石油通过系列阀门流出。,这段英语中有六句话，共有十四个谓语动词，竟有十三个用了被动语态，而汉语译文中无一句是正规被动句。,6,科技英语频繁使用被动语态，除了语言结构上的原因之外，还有语义价值。总是把事物的名称作为主语放在突出的位置上，用被动语态表述有关的动作或状态，突出表述客观事实，结构简练。,汉语中习惯多用主动语态，大量使用无主句、形式主动意义被动的句子以及判断句等。虽然由于文化的交流，受西方语言的影响，被动语态的使用比过去有所增加，但仍很有限。英译汉时，有一些仍需要保持被动语态，而在很多情况下决不能总是恪守原句的语态，必须摆脱这种局限性，译成主动语态句。这样才能使译文既在内容上忠实于原文，又在语言形式上通顺自然，符合汉语表达方式。,7,所谓,“,被,”,字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个,“,被,”,字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上,“,被,”,字以引起读者的注意。一般情况下，动作执行者（施事者）不出现，译文按,“,动作接受者,+,被,+,动词,”,的顺序排列。表示,“,被,”,这一动作是动作接受者（受事者）不乐意或不情愿接受的。,14.1,顺译法,(Translation in Original Order),既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。,14.1.1,顺译成被动句,A.,译成“被”字句,8,例,1,：,Vitamin C,is destroyed,when it is overheated.,【,译文,】,维生素,C,受热过度就会,被,破坏。,例,2,：,Once the flower,has been pollinated and fertilized,the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials,which will be needed when they themselves germinate.,【,译文,】,花一旦,被,授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏，以备种子未来发芽之需。,9,例,3,：,She thought all was fair and legal,and never dreamt she was going to,be entrapped,into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched,already bound to a bad,mad,and imbruted partner!,(Charlotte Bront:,Jane Eyre,),【,译文,】,她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过自己竟会,被,诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。,10,“挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。,例,1,：,The boy,was criticized,yesterday.,【,译文,】,这孩子昨天,挨,了,一顿批评,。,例,2,：,I,was caught,in the downpour.,【,译文,】,我在大雨中,挨,浇了。,B.,译成“挨”字句,11,例,1,：,Our clothes,were soaked,with sweat.,【,译文,】,我们的衣服,给,汗水湿透了。,例,2,：,The crops,were washed,away by the flood.,【,译文,】,庄稼,给,大水冲跑了。,例,3,：,Your car,was towed away,by a towing truck from Lewis Company.,【,译文,】,路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车,给拖走,了。,C.,译成“给”字句,“给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。,12,例,1,：,You,have been wetted,in the rain.,【,译文,】,你,叫,雨淋湿了。,例,2,：,The-rays,are not affected,by an electric field.,【,译文,】,射线不,受,电场影响。,D.,译成,“,叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为,所、经,所,”,等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。,13,例,3,：,A lot of houses and buildings,roads and bridges,were damaged,in the seaquake.,【,译文,】,许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中,遭到,破坏。,例,4,：,It must,be dealt with,at the appropriate time with appropriate means.,【,译文,】,这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段,予以,处理。,14,例,5,：,I skirted fields and hedges and lanes till after sunrise.I believe it was a lovely summer morning:I know my shoes,which I had put on when I left the house,were,soon,wet with,dew.But I looked neither to rising sun,nor smiling sky,nor wakening nature.,【,译文,】,我沿着田野、树篱的边缘，走过小径，一直走到日上三竿。我觉得今天是个美好的夏日的早晨。我知道，我出门时刚穿上的鞋子，很快就,让,露水打湿了。可是，我不看升起的太阳，不看湛蓝美好的天空，也不看正在苏醒的大地。,15,He who,is taken out,to pass through a fair scene to the scaffold,thinks not of the flowers that smile on his road,but of the block and axe-edge;of the disseverment of bone and vein;of the grave gaping at the end;.,（,Charlotte Bronte:,Jane Eyre,）,【,续,】,一个,被,押去断头台的人，路过美丽景色的时候，是不会注意路旁微笑的花朵的。他想的只是利斧和砧板，只是躯体的破碎和分离，只是最后等着他的张着大口的墓穴；,【,解析,】,原文描写简,爱一天凌晨从罗切斯特家出走时的情景。她知道罗切斯特是爱她的，她也爱罗切斯特。但她又觉得这是不可能的，便决定出走。从原文的字里行间可以看出她当时的一种十分复杂矛盾的心情和悲伤但又充满感情的心态。把其中的,“,were wet with,”,和,“,is taken out,”,分别译为,“,让,”,和,“,被,”,，表现了她极不情愿的心理状态。,16,例,1.The novel I had thrown away,was chosen,by the Book Society.,【,译文,】,我一度扔掉的那部小说后来,被,书社选中。,例,2.The sun and the earth are in a great group of stars,；,it,is called,the galaxy.,【,译文,】,太阳和地球处于一个巨大的星群之中，这个星群,叫,做银河系。,例,3.The-rays,are not affected,by an electric field.,【,译文,】,射线不,受,电场影响。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,17,例,4.The finished products must,be carefully inspected,before delivery.,【,译文,】,商品出厂前必须仔细地,予以,检查。,例,5,Other processes will,be discussed,briefly.,【,译文,】,其它方法将简单地,加以,讨论。,例,6,The atomic theory,was not accepted,until the last century.,【,译文,】,原子学说直到上世纪才,为,人们,所,接受。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,18,例,7,I,was possessed,by the very novelty of what I did.,【,译文,】,我,被,自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。,（译成“被”字句）,例,8,Premier Zhou,is respected and loved,by the people of the whole country.,【,译文,】,周总理,受到,全国人民的尊敬和爱戴。,（译成“被”字句）,例,9,The laws of motion,will be discussed,in the next article.,【,译文,】,运动定律将在下文中,予以讨论,。,（译成“被”字句）,补充例句：顺译成被动句,19,例,10,It need not be said that all factors,must be taken,into consideration.,【,译文,】,不用说，所有因素都必须,考虑在内,。,（谓语分译）,例,11.If this suggestion is accepted,it should not,be considered,as a precedent.,【,译文,】,如果此项建议被接受，以后不得,引以,为例。,例,12.A program called a compiler,was written,by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.,【,译文,】,编译程序先,由,专家用机器代码编,写好,，然后储存在计算机中。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,20,例,13.Therefore,when we,are received,with so much honour and so much kindness in this great country I believed that the Peoples Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.,【,译文,】,因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里,受,到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是具有重大意义的。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,21,课堂互动,1,：翻译句子,顺译成被动句,1,Those who perform deeds of merit,will be rewarded,.,2,A program called a compiler,was written,by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.,3,Translation technique,should be paid,enough attention to.,4,The applicants,interviewed,are required to hand in,some necessary material.,5,Television keeps us,informed,about current events,at home and abroad.,22,课堂互动,1,：翻译句子,顺译成被动句,6,His plain prose,is enlivened,by boundless curiosity,a very sense of humour and a falcon-sharp eye for detail.,7,The temperature of the earth,is determined,by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep.,8,He,was beaten,black and blue.,9,His father,was killed,before liberation.,10,With a true democratic system,he said,Egypt,would not,have been defeated,by Israel in 1967.,23,例,1,：,Love can not,be forced,.,【,译文,】,爱情不能,强求,。,例,2,：,Love and cough cannot,be hidden,.,【,译文,】,爱情和咳嗽都无法,隐藏,。,14.1.2,顺译成主动句,A.,顺译成形式是主动，意义是被动的句子,把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。,24,例,3,：,My holidays afternoons,were spent,in ramble about the surrounding country.,(Washington Irving),【,译文,】,每,逢,假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。,例,4,：,Illness must,be correctly diagnosed,before they can,be treated,with medicine.,【,译文,】,疾病必须,先确诊,，再,用药,。,25,例,5,：,This was a great stroke of fortune for the Allies,for this port,as soon as its approaches,were cleared,was destined to become,the principal supply base of Anglo-American armies.,(William L.Shirer:,The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,),【,译文,】,这对盟军来说是件大幸事，因为该港口的人行通道,一经清理,，,就可成为,英美军队的重要供需基地。,26,例,1,：,The teacher,was satisfied,with the answer.,【,译文,】,老师对回答,感到满意,。,例,2,：,I,am told,you are careless.,【,译文,】,听说,你很粗心大意。,例,3,：,The long river,is originated,from that high mountain.,【,译文,】,这条大河,发源于,那座山。,B.,改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句,如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合汉语的语言习惯，所以常可将英语的被动句顺译成汉语的主动句，原文的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语，顺译成汉语的主动形式。,27,例,4,：,Language is a precious possession;it,has,in fact,been called,the door to knowledge.Knowing how to use language effectively allows us to communicate more clearly,listen more critically,and read more efficiently.Beyond those practical benefits,an interest in words and their mastery provides a lifelong source of pleasure.,【,译文,】,高超的语言水平乃宝贵财富。诚然，语言,是打开,知识宝库大门的钥匙。语言运用得心应手，便能说得清楚，听得明白，看得真切。推敲词字，斟酌语句，受益匪浅，其乐无限。,28,例,5,：,Even so,I still insist that for the individual himself nothing,is more important than this personal,interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to,be guided,by what everybody does or merely the criterion of“social usefulness.”,（,J.W.Krutch:,The New Immorality,）,【,译文,】,即便如此，我仍然坚持认为，对个人而言，最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感，并坚决以此行为处事的决心，而不是人云亦云，或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。,29,例,1,：,That ridiculous idea,was put forward,by his brother.,【,译文,】,这个怪念头,是,他哥哥想出来,的,。,C.,顺译成“是,的”结构,英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是,的”的句式。其框架为“受事者,是,动词,的”。用这种译法来表现原文陈述的意义，显得简便灵活。,30,例,2,：,The credit system in America,was,first,adopted,by Harvard University in 1872.,【,译文,】,美国的学分制,是,1872,年在哈佛大学首先实施,的,。,例,3,：,Poetry,was chanted,to the accompaniment of the lyre.,【,译文,】,诗歌吟唱时,是,由七弦琴伴奏,的,。,例,4,：,The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.,【,译文,】,左耳,是,由大脑的右侧控制,的,。,31,例,5,：,Now,I say,man and,in general,every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to,be,arbitrarily,used,by this or that will.In all his actions,whether they,are directed,to himself or to other rational beings,he must always be regarded,at the same time as an end.,(Immanuel Kant:,Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics,),【,译文,】,我认为：人，总之一切理性动物，,是,作为目的本身而存在,的,，并不,是,仅仅作为手段给某个意志任意使用,的,。我们必须在他的一切行动中，不管这行动,是,对他自己,的,，还,是,对其他理性动物,的,，永远把他当作目的看待。,（伊曼努尔,康德：,道德形而上学基础,）,32,例,1,：,This problem will,be discussed,tomorrow.,【,译文,】,这个问题将于明天,讨论,。,例,2,：,The typewriter,has not been used,for twenty years.,【,译文,】,这台打字机已有,20,年,没用了,。,例,3,：,The work must,be finished,before Christmas.,【,译文,】,这项工作必须在圣诞节前,完成,。,例,4,：,Our univrity,was built,in 1952.,【,译文,】,我校,建,于,1952,年。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,33,例,5,：,The quality of our products,has been,greatly,improved,.,【,译文,】,产品质量有了很大的,提高,。,例,6,：,The car,has been cleaned,.,【,译文,】,汽车,擦干净了,。,例,7,：,A bald head,is soon shaven,.,【,译文,】,光头,好剃,。,/,光头,剃起来快,。,例,8,：,The story,was based,on the information from a reliable source.,【,译文,】,这事信息来源,可靠,。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,34,例,9,：,Steel and iron products,are,often,coated,lest they should rust.,【,译文,】,钢铁制品常常,涂上,油漆以免生锈。,例,10,：,Iron,is extracted,from the ore by smelting in the blast furnace.,【,译文,】,铁,是,通过高炉冶炼从矿石中提取,的,。,例,11,：,The dog,mustnt be killed,.,【,译文,】,这狗,不能杀,。,例,12,：,The avenue,is flanked,by rows of new buildings.,【,译文,】,马路两旁,是,一排排新建大楼。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,35,例,13,：,She,was lost,in the woods last night.,【,译文,】,昨晚她在森林中,迷了路,。,例,14,：,He,is greatly attached,to his work.,【,译文,】,他非常,热爱,自己的工作。,例,15,：,In this sense,bad thing can,be turned into,good things.,【,译文,】,从这一点上说来，坏事也可以,转变,成为好事。,例,16,：,Many basins,were formed,by the subsidence of the earths crust.,【,译文,】,许多盆地都,是,由于地壳陷落而形成,的,。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,36,例,17,：,Rainbows,are formed,when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.,【,译文,】,彩虹,是,阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成,的,。,例,18,：,Energy,is defined,as the ability to do work.,【,译文,】,能的,定义为,做功的能力。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,37,例,19,：,A melody,is heard,played,upon a flute.It is small and fine,telling of grass and tree and the horizon.The curtain rises.,【,译文,】,横笛,吹,起，悠扬的旋律诉说着芳草绿地、佳树林木、大地天涯，幕起。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,38,例,20,：“,As far as I was concerned,”Roundstedt,who,was reinstated,on September 4 as Commander in Chief in the West,told Allied interrogators after the war,“the war,was ended,in September.”,(William L.Shirer:,The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,),【,译文,】,于,9,月,4,日,恢复,西线总司令,职务,的伦斯德，战后对盟军讯问人员说：,“,对我个人来说，战争在九月里就已经,结束,了。,”,补充例句：顺译成主动句,39,课堂互动,2,：翻译句子,顺译成主动句,1,This is a question to be answered at once.,2,We,are deeply touched,by the heros loyalty to the cause.,3,The novels of Dickens,have already been translated,into many languages.,4,The discovery,is highly appreciated,in the circle of agricultural science.,40,课堂互动,2,：翻译句子,顺译成主动句,5,Wells and spring,are supplied,with underground water.,6,I,was received,by a tall,lithe,vibrant woman in her 70s,white-haired,and still beautiful.,7,I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last,be respected,by Member States and by Israel in particular.,8,It happened in one of those picturesque Danish taverns that cater to tourists and where English,is spoken,.,(R.Zacks:,The Date Father Didnt Keep,),41,课堂互动,2,：翻译句子,顺译成主动句,9,Scarcely had Hitler recovered from the shock of the July,20 bombing when he,was faced with,the loss of France,and Belgium and of the great conquests in the East.,(William L.Shirer:,The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,),10,Most of these writers,were convinced,that injustices existed in our economic system,and against these injustices they protested,but they had no wish to change the system itself;or if they did,though idealistic,Utopian schemes.,42,14.2,倒译法,(Translation in Reverse Order),倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法不仅可将原文,by,后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语，还可将原文其它介词的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句子常是无主句。,43,14.2.1,把,by,后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,例,1,：,Yet,only a part of this energy,is used,by,man,.,【,译文,】,然而，,人类,只,利用了,这种能量的一部分。,例,2,：,Rivers,are controlled,by,dams,.,【,译文,】,拦河大坝把,河流,控制住了,。,例,3,：,We,are brought,freedom and happiness by,socialism,.,【,译文,】,社会主义,给我们,带来,了自由和幸福。,例,4,：,Light and heat can,be given,to us by,the sun,.,【,译文,】,太阳供给,我们光和热。,例,5,：,At least two quarts of water,are required,daily by,a normal individual,.,【,译文,】,一个正常的人,每天至少,需要,两夸脱的水。,44,例,1,：,Heat,is removed,from,the body,during sweating.,【,译文,】,出汗时,人体散发,热量。,例,2,：,Abundant exercises and problems,are provided,in,this reference book,.,【,译文,】,这本参考书提供了,大量的练习和问题。,例,3,：,The same signs and symbols of mathematics,are used,throughout,the world,.,【,译文,】,全世界,都,使用,同样的数学记号和符号。,例,4,：,Fifty laboratories,have been built,in,our school,.,【,译文,】,我们学校,已,建立,了,50,个实验室。,例,5,：,The compass,was invented,in,China,four thousand years ago.,【,译文,】,四千年前,中国发明,了指南针。,14.2.2,把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,45,例,1,：,Quality of products must,be guaranteed,first.,【,译文,】,首先要,确保,产品的质量。,例,2,：,The goods,are,urgently,needed,.,【,译文,】,急需,此货。,14.2.3,倒译成汉语的无主句,将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。,46,例,3,：,Smoking,is not allowed,here.,【,译文,】,此处,禁止,吸烟。,例,4,：,Children should,be taught,to speak the truth.,【,译文,】,应该,教育,儿童讲真话。,例,5,：,You,are supposed,to pay right after the books are delivered.,【,译文,】,书到后,应,立即付款。,47,例,1,：,You,are hoped,to do it more carefully.,【,译文,】,希望,你认真一点做。,例,2,：,Human power,is replaced,by electric power.,【,译文,】,电力,代替了,人力。,例,3,：,Heart murmurs,are,frequently,heard,in these patients.,【,译文,】,这些病人中常可听到心脏杂音。,例,4,：,An ammeter,was given,to me by,him,.,【,译文,】,他给了,我一个电流表。,补充例句：倒译法,48,补充例句：倒译法,例,5,：,Table tennis,is played,all over,China,.,【,译文,】,中国,到处都在,打,乓乒球。,例,6,：,You,have been told,so many times not to mention this.,【,译文,】,已经告诉,你多少遍不要再提这件事了。,例,7,：,A decisive battle,was fought,near this city.,【,译文,】,在这座城市附近，,进行,了一次决定性的,战役,。,例,8,：,Very often,introductions,are made,using both first and last names.,【,译文,】,常常是连名带姓一起介绍。,49,课堂互动,3,：