调查表的设计.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,1,学习目的,Objectives,通过本课程的学习，应掌握,（,To understand,）,为什么使用调查表,/,调查表的目的,（,Why we use questionnaires,）,调查表的优缺点,The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires,不同类型的问题以及其使用情境,（不同情况下选择不同问题）,The different types of questions that can be used and the,circumstances in which they would be used,设计调查表的方式，以及怎样避免一些常见问题和缺陷,The way in which questionnaires can be designed and how,to avoid some common problems and pitfalls,2,收集信息的途径（方式）,Ways to Gather Information,文献研究（搜索）,:,搜索条件（标准）,Literature search:Search Criteria,档案查询（回顾）,:,信息摘要表格,Review of records:Abstraction Form,小组访谈,:,访谈提纲,（,Focus group:Interview Guide,）,观察,:,观察资料记录,（,Observation:Observation Log,）,直接测量,:,记录,（,Direct measurement:Record,）,访谈,:,调查表（问卷）,（,Interview:questionnaire,）,3,什么是调查表,?,What is a questionnaire?,收集问题答案的工具（形式）,An instrument(form)to collect answers to questions,收集实际数据（资料）,收集信息或测量值,Collects factual,data,gathers information or measures,一系列按照固定的、合理顺序排列的书面问题,/,项目,A series of written questions/items in a fixed,rational,order,每项都需回答,(,除非特别说明不需者,),Every item,is answered(unless instructed otherwise),谁完成它,（,Who completes it,）,?,应答者,公众,/,专业人员,(The respondent public/professional),可以代表应答者的人,(Someone on behalf of the respondent),调查者,(The interviewer,）,4,好调查表的标准,What makes an effective questionnaire?,一份好的调查表应该是一系列问题经,合理组织,而成的工具，,借此可以,简单地,用,相同方法,收集,许多人,相同类型的信息,，,以便于可,定量、系统,地,分析资料,An effective,questionnaire,is,highly structured,to allow the,same types of information,to be,simply,collected from a,large number of people,in the,same way,so that the,data,can,be analysed,quantitatively and systematically,5,调查表在流行病学中的角色,Role of Questionnaires in Epidemiology,暴发调查,/,分析研究,（,Outbreak investigation/Analytic study,）,监测,（,Surveillance,）,评价,/,评估,（,Evaluation,）,6,调查资料收集方式,Survey data collection methods,自我管理（纸、笔）,Self-administered(paper&pencil),面对面访谈,Face-to-face interview,电话调查（实况或自动化）,Phone interview(live or automated),自我管理（计算机化）,Self-administered-computer,7,调查表的类型,Types of Questionnaire,按时间,（调查内容是否已经发生）分,前瞻性,Prospective,回顾性,R,etrospective,按调查表填写人员分,Completed,by participant or researcher,自我管理式,（被调查者）,self,-,administered,调查者管理式,（,研究人员）,interview,-,administered,适合于文盲或识字少的人群,(,participation by illiterate people),澄清含糊不清,(,clarification of ambiguity),8,自我管理式（纸和笔）优点,Self-administered(paper&pencil):Pros,花费低,（,Cheap,）,易管理,（,Easy to administer,）,能用标准方式管理,（,Can be administered in a standard manner,）,个体或小组均适宜,（,Can be individual or group,）,可以发邮件或发电子邮件,（,Can be done by mail or email,）,能在应答者方便时完成,（,Can be completed at respondents convenience,）,可匿名,（,Can be done anonymously,）,保护隐私,（,Preserve confidentiality,）,容易获取敏感问题信息,（,Facilitates disclosure of sensitive information,）,9,自我管理式（纸和笔）缺点,Self-administered(paper&pencil):Cons,需要更多注意阅读水平和说明,Need more attention to reading level&direction,格式需简单,(,没有或很少跳转）,Needs simple format,（,few or no skips),相对短小的调查更好,Works better with relatively short survey,难以控制不一致性或无应答,（项目）,Difficult to address inconsistent or missing responses,难以控制应答率,（随情形、情景而变）,Variable response rate,(depending on situation&setting),10,面对面访谈：优点,Face-to-face interview:Pros,可以适用复杂调查,（,Complex survey format can be used,）,使不一致或无应答最小化,（,Minimized inconsistent on missing responses,）,应答率一般高,（,Response rates are generally high,）,调查者在场可以渲染气氛,（,Interviewer presence is motivating,）,可短可长,（,Can be short or long,）,容易根据调查内容发现问题,（,Easy to diagnose problems with survey content,）,11,面对面访谈：缺点,Face-to-face interview:Cons,花费高,（,Expensive,）,需要培训职员,（,Requires trained staff,）,后勤保障复杂,（,Complex logistics,）,花费调查者和被调查者时间长,（,Very time consuming for respondent&interviewer,）,社会期望影响,（,Social desirability effects,）,隐匿性最小,（,Least anonymity,）,敏感问题应答受限制,（,Inhibit disclosure of sensitive information,）,12,电话调查：优点,Phone interview:Pros,有可能实施复杂的调查,（病毒所实验室感染）,Complex survey formats are possible,使不一致或无应答最小化,Minimizes inconsistent or missing response,可自动化实施,Can be automated,可能比面对面访谈更好的获得敏感信息,Somewhat better disclosure of sensitive information,than face-to-face,13,电话调查：缺点,Phone interview:Cons,花费高,（,Can be expensive,）,需要培训职员或特殊软件,（,Requires trained staff or special software,）,费 时,（,Very time consuming,）,调查需简洁,（,Survey need to be brief,）,对于许多应答者不愿意,（,Uncomfortable for many respondents,）,应答率低于面对面访谈,（,Response rate are lower than face-to-face,）,不是每个人都有电话,（,Not every one has a phone,）,许多人监督电话,（,Many people monitor calls,）,14,自我管理式（计算机）优点,Self-administered(computer):Pros,对于有计算机知识的人易于管理,Easy to administer for persons with computer literacy,易于敏感信息的获取,Facilities disclosure of sensitive information,可以适用复杂调查,Complex survey formats can be used,比现场调查（访谈）更“中性化”,More”neutral”than a live interviewer,使不一致或无应答最小化,Minimizes inconsistent or missing response,附录可能增加理解：音频、注释等,Supplements possible to increase comprehension:audio,glossaries,etc,.,易于资料分析,Facilitates data analysis,15,自我管理式（计算机）缺点,Self-administered(computer):Cons,计算机知识或计算机恐怖症限制采用,Computer literacy or computer phobia can limit use,相对于其他方法需花更多时间管理,Administration is time consuming compared to other methods,需要注意阅读水平和说明,Needs attention to reading level&directions,设计,/,规划费用高和,/,或费时,Programming can be expensive&/or time-consuming,基于,PC,管理的答案容量巨大,Bulky if replying on PC-based administration,16,资料收集方法的选择,Choosing data collection method,方法选择的原则,（,Choice of method will be effected by,）,:,成本,（,Cost,）,时间,（,Time,）,后勤保障,（,Logistics,）,资源,（,Resources,）,调查内容（如：敏感问题）,Question content(e.g.,sensitive items),17,资料收集方法,2,Implications of data collection method-2,方法影响,（,Method will effect,）,:,调查表的长度,（,Length of the survey,）,调查的复杂性,（,Complexity of the survey,）,项目需要的阅读水平,（,Reading level of the items,）,敏感信息的获取,（,Disclosure of sensitive information,）,资料质量,（,Data quality,）,资料录入、分析难易,（,Easy of data entry and analysis,）,18,评价调查表的指标,(Evaluation Indexs of questionnaire),可靠性,/,信度,Reliability,准确性,/,效度,Validity,19,可靠性,/,信度,Reliability,可靠性,反映同一主题的调查重复进行时获得信息的相似程度（一致性）,Reliability,-refers to the degree of similarity of information obtained when the measurement is repeated in the same subject(consistency),每次进行的测量是否获得相同测量值（结果,/,评价,),？,Is the same value arrived at every time the measurement is taken/made?,重复实施时测量值（结果,/,评价）是否变化较大？,Do the values vary a lot on repeated administration,为提高可靠性，需强调变异来源,To improve reliability we need to address the sources of variation,20,准确性,/,效度,Validity,反映测量值与真值吻合的程度,Refers to the extent to which a measure actually measures,what it is meant to measure(accuracy),如果一个观测员或一台仪器重复测量一个体某特征值时,总比真值高或总比真值低,则测量缺乏准确性,The measure lacks validity if an observer or an instrument,measures the characteristic in the same individual,repeatedly higher or repeatedly lower than the real value,系统误差导致的偏倚,This systematic error introduces a bias,可能可靠性好但不一定准确,A measure can be reliable but not valid,21,变异来源,Sources of Variation,测量仪器,(,The instrument),如果一台仪器对同一被测个体给出不同的结果,If the instrument itself gives different results for the,same individual,如血压计,(e.g.blood pressure cuff),观测者,(The observer),观测者间变异,(,不同观测者,),Inter-observer variation-differences among observers,观测者内变异,(,同一观测者,),Intra-observer variation-differences in the same observer,被测者,/,客体,(The subject),生物学上的不一致性,(Biological inconsistencies),记忆,(Memory),22,偏 倚,Bias in Questions,信息偏倚在应答测量中,系统差异,Information Bias,=systematic differences in the,measurement of a response,回忆偏倚如，病例比对照更易于记忆某暴露因素,/,症状,Recall bias,eg cases being more likely to remember,than controls,观察偏倚观察者间和观察者内偏倚调查表是减少此偏倚的重要方法,Observer bias inter and intra a questionnaire is an,important way to reduce this,无应答偏倚,（,Non-response bias,）,应答者与无应答者之间差异,Those who respond are different from those who do not,保证高应答率降低,（,Reduce by ensuring high response rate,）,or,分析时校正（如年龄、性别、社会经济状况）,Correcting for during analysis(eg age,sex,SEG),23,为什么我们需要调查表,And why do we want one?,一份好的调查表,（,A well designed questionnaire,）,:,为回答所研究问题提供足够的资料,（,Will give,you appropriate data,which,should allow you,to,answer,your research question,）,使可能的偏倚来源最小化，提高调查表的效度,（,Will,minimise potential sources of,bias,thus,increasing the validity of the questionnaire,）,24,基本原理,Fundamental Principle,流行病学调查是一个验证假设的科学闭环,（,An epidemiological investigation is a scientific loop,that tests a hypothesis,）,难,(,主,),题,（,Problem,）,假设,（,Hypothesis,）,研究,（,Study,）,调查表,（,Questionnaire,）,问题,（,Question,）,结果,（,Results,）,Answer,25,假 设,Assumptions,调查表的使用是基于一定假设基础上的,The use of questionnaires is based on,certain assumptions,个体应该对所研究的具体问题有共同的理解,并且有一般的信念,That individuals will have had common of particular issues,and will share general beliefs,参加婚礼,/,尽力发现更多的脑膜炎患者,因为这种疾病对孩子是一种威胁,(went to a wedding/that we are trying to find out more about meningitis because this disease is a threat to our children and young people),这种理解和这些信念是共有的,并可清楚地表达、予以量化,That,this understanding and these beliefs,are,shared,and,can be,clearly expressed,and,quantified,26,开始前,Before starting.,调查表的设计应是研究的主要部分之一，而不是附加的,Questionnaire design should be an integral part of the,study,not an“add-on”,因此,（,Therefore,）,确定研究的目标（研究者本人或其他人员）,Decide on the goals of the study(for yourself and for others),了解主体语言，专业,（,Know the,subject,literature,experts,）,了解应答者社会经济状况，职业，特殊敏感性，教育水平、种族,Know the,respondents,-,(SEG,occupation,special sensitivities,educational,ethnic),了解多少成本，时间，样本量，应答率,Know,how much,cost,time,sample size,response rate,27,调查表设计步骤,12,步,Steps for Questionnaire Design,1.,概念化,调查表,（,Conceptualize questionnaire,）,2.,确定后勤,（,Determine logistics,）,3.,设置问题,（,Develop questions,）,4.,修改问题,（,Revise questions,）,5.,预调查,（,Pilot test questionnaire,）,6.,数据录入预检测,（,Pilot test data entry,）,28,调查表设计步骤,12,步,Steps for Questionnaire Design,7.,培训调查员,（,Train interviewers,）,8.,实施调查,（,Implement questionnaire,）,9.,数据录入,（,Entry data,）,10.,分析资料,（,Analyze data,）,11.,报告结果,（,Report results,）,12.,利用发现,（,Use the findings,）,29,设计调查表的阶段,Stages in designing a questionnaire,确定研究的目标和使用调查表的目的,Decide on,aim of the study,and the purpose of using a questionnaire,确定问题目录,（,Decide on,content,of the questions,）,确定问题的格式,（,Decide on the,format,of the questions,）,确定调查表的版面设计,（,Decide on,presentation and layout,）,制定编码表（如合适）,Formulate coding schedule(if appropriate),调查表的预调查和修订,（,Pilot and refine,questionnaire,）,30,识别信息,(Identifying information),人口统计学信息,(Demographics),临床信息,(Clinical information),暴露因素,(Exposures),其他相关资料,(Other data that may be relevant),调查表框架,Outline of Questionnaires,31,姓名,（,Name,）,-,与姓名相联系的,ID,码,（,ID code linking to name,）,-,随访信息（如电话，电子邮件,),follow-up information(ie phone,email),敏感问题加密,Encryption may be necessary for sensitive information,识别信息,Identifying Information,32,性别,(Gender),婚姻状况,（,marital status,）,教育,（,education,）,职业,（,occupation,）,收入,（,income,）,小组,/,家庭成员数,（,group memberships,）,从属关系（单位）,（,affiliations,）,宗教,（,religion,）,主要收入者,（,principal wage earner,）,每户房子数,（,number of rooms per household,）,人口学信息,Demographic Information,33,最后询问收入或其他敏感问题,Ask questions about income or other sensitive issues at the end,用灵活的方式询问私人问题，如：,Ask personal questions in a sensitive manner,，,Examples,：,包括您本人在内共有多少人居住在这儿？,“How many people,including yourself,live at this address?”,婚姻状况？“,What is your marital status?”,谁是家中收入主要来源者？,“,Who is the principle wage earner in the household?”,人口学信息收集策略,Strategies for Collecting Demographic Information,34,从医疗记录中得到,（,Get from medical record,）,确保覆盖病例定义的所有标准,（,Be sure to cover all criteria for case definitions,）,登记日期,（,Record dates,）,临床信息,Clinical Information,35,考虑病因推断标准,（,Consider criteria for causality,）,-,先因后果,（,exposure occurs before event,）,-,一致性,（,consistent with other reports,）,-,联系强度,（,strength of association,）,-,生物学合理,（,biologically plausible,）,-,剂量反应关系,（,dose response effect,）,暴露信息,Exposure Information,36,随研究而变化,(Varies by study),生态,（,Ecologic,）,-,降雨量,（,rainfall,）,植被,（,vegetation,）,.,实验室,（,Laboratory,）,-,抗生素耐药性,（,antimicrobial resistance,）,-,分子标记物,（,molecular markers,）,.,居住处所,（,Residence,）,-,暴露,（,Exposures,）,地理信息系统,（,GIS,）,可能相关的其他信息,Other Information that May be Relevant,37,制定调查表基本原则,Basic Rules,保持调查表短、简单,（,KISS,keep it short and simple,）,调查表外观重要，影响,（,Appearance,is crucial and affects,）,应答率,（,Response rate,）,易于资料汇总、分析,（,Ease of data summarisation and analysis,）,调查表的长度：短,应答率,Length,of questionnaire:shorter,response rates,问题顺序很重要,（,Question order,is important,）,:,由易到难,（,Easy,difficult,）,由一般到特殊,（,General,particular,）,由具体到抽象,（,Factual,abstract,）,以封闭式问题开始,（,Start with closed format questions,）,.,以主要主题相关的问题开始,Start with questions relevant to the main subject.,尽量避免用人口学和个人问题开始,Try to avoid starting with demographic and personal questions,38,制定调查表基本原则,Basic Rules,所有项目和页编号,Number,all items and pages,所有页上注明标识符,Put an,identifying mark,on all pages,注明调查表寄送地址,Put the return,address,on the questionnaire,首页用粗体字标明研究标题,Put the,study title in bold,on the first page,说明部分用粗体字,Print,directions in bold,唯一的标识符,Remember the,Unique Identifier,39,制定调查表基本原则,Basic Rules,按主题或答案选项来组合问题,Group questions,by topic or response options,不要将最重要的条目放在最后,Dont put the most important item last,以相关的无胁迫性的问题开始,Open with,relevant,non-threatening,questions,尽可能短、逻辑性强、相关、悦目的调查表最可能被完成,It is most likely to be completed if,easy on the eye,relevant,logical,and as,short as possible,.,40,制定调查表基本原则,Basic Rules,每次提问只问一个信息,Ask for,one piece of information,at a time:,如果你一直看,James Bond,的电影而,6,个小时没有上卫生间，此时你妻子给你拿来了三明治，你会在,20,分钟内起床去卫生间吗？,If you had not passed water for 6 hours but were watching a James Bond movie,and your wife brought you a sandwich would you get up to go to the toilet in the next 20 minutes?Y/N,记住“不知道”,（,Remember,“dont know”,）,41,制定调查表基本原则,Basic Rules,准确你经常晚上不得不起来上卫生间吗？（是,/,否）,Be precise,Do you often have to get up at night to,pass water?Y/N,适当,/,敏感内部习惯,Be appropriate,/sensitive bowel habits,目的总是减少偏倚,Aim always to,minimise bias,42,事实,（,Factual,）,-,人口统计学，实验室，临床信息,demographic,laboratory,clinical information,观念与态度,（,Opinions and Attitudes,）,-,与研究主题相关的信念、理想、体质、价值等,Beliefs,ideas,predispositions,and values related to the,topic under study,信息,/,知识,（,Information/knowledge,）,-,测量人们知识水平（知识拥有或缺乏）,measures what people know(presence or absence of knowledge),-,正确或,错误认识,（,correct or incorrect knowledge,）,调查问题的类型,Types of Questions,43,行为,（,Behavior,）,-,行为描述,（,description of behavior,）,（,难以评价人们所想与实际所为）,(difficult to evaluate how people think they behave versus what they actually do),构造,/,组合,（,Constructs,）,-,多个问题反映一个结果,multiple responses to capture a single outcome,(,如通过询问职业、教育程度、收入水平来反映社会经济状况）,(ie socioeconomic status is captured with questions on occupation,education,and income level),调查问题的类型,Types of Questions,44,问题的内容,Content of Questions,对所研究的问题保持高度关注,Keep a clear,focus on your research question,文献研究：,为了询问最相关和探索性的问题，必须知道的知识、信息等,（,Literature search,;what do we need to know in order to,ask the most relevant and probing questions?,）,人口学信息,（,Demographic,information,）,相关信息,（,Contact information),45,调查问题的,格式,Format of Questions,两种主要的提问形式,（,Two main question formats,）,封闭式,给出固定的答案,Closed,format,give a fixed response,答案分类是已知的,（,Response categories are known,）,答案不需要细节,（,Response do not require elaboration,）,答案必需清楚，简单，明确，中立（不重叠）,Categories need to be clear,Simple,unambiguous,neutral,46,开放式,允许人用自己的语言来表达自己观点,Open,format,allow people to express their views in,their own words,:,答案分类未知,（,Response categories are unknown,）,答案需要细节,（