重难点01-1阅读理解之题型剖析-2023年高考英语专练(新高考专用)(学生版).docx

重难点01-1阅读理解之题型剖析-2023年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练
(新高考专用)

新高考阅读理解两年(2021-2022)题型统计
年 份
2022
2021
卷 别
卷I
卷II
卷I
卷II
细节理解题
6
7
8
8
推理判断题
7
5
5
5
词义猜测题
1
2
1
1
主旨大意题
1
1
1
1

对于新高考省份来说，2021-2022两年是新课标老教材新高考，2023年将是新课标新教材新高考，由此我们有理由认为：在体现“稳中有变”原则的前提下，结合考虑“三新”的情况，预计2023年高考英语的命题会在“变”上加大力度。就阅读理解题型而言，根据上表的统计情况分析看，笔者以为：细节理解题比重有减少的趋势，而在推理判断题或是在主旨大意题上亦有可能增加比重。
一、细节理解题

细节理解题的题干是针对原文的具体叙述进行设题的，主要考查考生对所阅读的材料中的某一个特定细节、原文中的主要事实的甄别能力。
(一)所考查的主要内容
细节理解题所考查的内容主要有：直接信息题和间接信息题。
1.直接信息题的答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；
2.间接信息题也就是语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表
达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题，包括数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。
(二)正选项的主要特征
1.同义近义替换
把原文中的关键在正确选项中进行同义近义替换；
2.词性语态转换
把原文中的关键词在正确选项中变换了词性；在正确选项中改变了原文句子的语态；
3.复杂语言简化
把原文中的复杂语言现象在正确选项中进行了简化；
4.正话反话转换
把原文中的意思反过来表达(正话反说或反话正说)而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。
(三)干扰项的主要特征
1.扩缩范围
干扰项或是扩大或是缩小了范围(通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变)，使其与原文的内容一部分吻合，一部分相悖。此种类型的干扰项也有人称之为“正误参半”(“误”的那一部分就是“鱼目混珠，以假乱真”)；
2.无中生有
干扰项所述内容在原文中并未提及。此种类型的干扰项在某种情况下又可称之为“偷梁换柱”(符合常识，但在原文中貌似有却没有)；
3.张冠李戴
原文中有与干扰项相一致的细节，但与题干要求貌似神离。最典型的有两种：一种是对原文中所涉及到的“彼”和“此”的信息进行转嫁(把本来属于“彼”的信息转嫁到“此”的身上，反过来亦然)。另一种是考生把自己制作的“冠”(与某个干扰项非常相似)戴在“题干”上。也就是说，考生不是依据原文信息进行选择，而是将自己置身其中凭自己的认知对标干扰项而作出的选择。此种类型的干扰项也有人称之为“混淆视听”或“曲解文意”。

【满分技巧1】题文比对法
用“题文比对”法解直接信息题。所谓“题文比对”就是在我们解题时，把题干中的“关键词”与原文中“有关信息”比对后定答案。
1.从题干中(包括备选项)提取关键词语(题眼)，锁定答题方向；
2.以这些“关键词语”为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在原文中找到与此关键词语相关的信息；
3.仔细比对所给选项与原文中相关信息，与原文信息吻合的选项就是正确答案。
【经典考例】
(2022·北京卷A篇)(引用原题号，以后同)Peer(同伴)Assisted Study Sessions(PASS)is a peer-facilitated learning programme available to students enrolled(注册)in most core units of study in our business school.
PASS involves weekly sessions where you work in groups to tackle specially prepared problem sets, based around a unit of study you’re enrolled in.
PASS doesn’t re-teach or deliver new content. It’s an opportunity to deepen your understanding of the key points from lecture materials while you are applying your skills to solve problems.
You work interactively with your peers. As a peer group, you decide what is covered in each session. That way, PASS directly responds to your needs and feedback.
Registration in Term 2 will open at 9 am, 21 September 2022.
Waiting lists
If a session is full, you can register for the waiting list. We will email you if a place becomes available or if a new session is to be held.
When you are placed on a waiting list, we will email you a number which tells you where you are on the list. If you are close to the front of the list, you have a good chance of gaining a place in the programme in the near future.
Deregistering
If you miss two PASS sessions in a row, you will be deregistered and your place will be given to someone on the waiting list. Make sure you fill in the attendance sheet at each session to record your attendance.
You’ll be informed by email if you are being deregistered as a result of missing sessions. If you believe you have received the email in error, email the PASS office at passoffice@umbs. edu..
21.In PASS, students _______.
A. attend new lectures B. decide their own schedules
C. prepare problem sets in groups D. use their skills to solve problems
22.What can students do if a session is full?
A. Fill in the attendance sheet. B. Sign up for the waiting list.
C. Report their needs and feedback. D. Email the office their numbers on the list.
23.Students will be deregistered if _______.
A. they send emails in error B. they fail to work interactively
C. they give their places to others D. they miss two sessions in a row
【满分技巧2】“‘定’章取义”法
用“定‘章’取义”法解间接信息题。所谓“定‘章’取义”是指在解题时，抓住题干中的关键词先定位到原文相关处或段落处，锁定关键信息，这就是“‘定’章”。然后准确理解每个选项的意思后“取义”(寻找与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词)，比对选项与原文信息，搞定正确选项。
【经典考例】
(2021·全国乙卷D篇节选)During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰)in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a
membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout(布局). But I recently came across a study that
shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total
silence to 50 decibels(分贝), 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were
statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise...
32.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
二、推理判断题
推理判断题阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文草的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系系的能力和识别能力。推理判断题是历届高考英语的命题重点，包括判断和推理两个方面。属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低；推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。

(一)所考查的主要内容
特定细节推断、态度观点推断、写作意图推断、文章出处推断等。此外，高考偶尔还会考查对篇章结构或框架构成乃至文章的续写的推理判断。
(二)正选项的主要特征
1.一般其内容的含义比较丰富，更加具有综合性和概括性，尤其当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思时，意义最丰富的选项往往是正确答案。
2.表述一般比较相对，不会用表示绝对意义的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，而会用一些相对留有余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
3.有时正确答案反而是与我们通过常识判断得出的结论是相反的。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么那个选项往往是正确答案。
(三)干扰项的主要特征
参看细节理解题“干扰项的主要特征”的有关内容。

【满分技巧1】“顺藤摸瓜”解特定细节推断题
“顺藤摸瓜”解特定细节推断题，指的是顺着“题干中的关键词”这根“藤”定位到原文相关处，将题干中的一窜“瓜(四个备选项)”与原文相关处仔细分析比对，最终摘到那个隐藏的真正的“瓜(即正确答案)”(一般来说特定细节推断题都是话里有话，需要考生把其中隐含的信息推理出来)。
【经典考例】
(2019·全国II卷B篇节选)“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
24.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph l?
A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn’t good at sports.
C. She just doesn’t want to volunteer. D. She’s unable to meet her schedule.
【满分技巧2】“看‘裁’吃饭”解态度观点推断题
“看‘裁’吃饭”解态度观点推断题，指的是根据原文的体裁不同特点来推断作者的观点态度。记叙文的特点是：文章作者不是直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，因而考生在读原文时要非常仔细的捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的单词和短语。说明文的特点是：作者往往采取中立的态度；议论文的特点是：文章的论点往往会直接或间接表明作者的态度立场。另外，考生要对表达观点态度的常见词汇了如指掌。表示积极或支持态度的：appreciate, approve, approving, be for, confident, enthusiastic, favourable,
hopeful, humorous, impressive, optimistic, pleasant, positive, praise, support,
supportive, in favour of等等；
表示消极或反对的态度：critical, disappointed, disapproving, disgusted, doubtful, indifferent, intolerant,
negative, opposed, pessimistic, subjective, unconcerned, uninterested等等；
表示中立态度的：ambiguous(模棱两可的), cautious(谨慎的), factual(事实上的), impartial(不偏不倚的),
objective(客观的), neutral(中立的)等等。
【经典考例】
(2021·全国新高考I卷D篇节选)Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视)on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34.What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C Doubtful. D. Unclear.
【满分技巧3】“量体裁衣/量‘法’而行”解写作意图推断题
“量体裁衣/量‘法’而行”解写作意图推断题，指的是根据原文写作文体和写作手法，透过字里行间(要关注逻辑关系和细节暗示)，推断出作者的写作意图。
从写作文体上看：应用文有明显支持倾向的语言，以此说明写作意图是告知、推销还是吸引参观者、读者等；记叙文段首、段尾的高度概括句，或者哲理性的语言都会体现写作意图；说明文把握文章主旨，找准主旨句进而推断出写作意图；议论文提出论点，进行论证，然后得出结论。而写作意图往往就在最后的结论中。
从写作手法上看：开头提出问题引出主题或写作目的；介绍与主题有关的事情或事物表达作者的观点与写作意图。
【经典考例】
(2020·新高考I卷C篇节选)In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
31.What is the purpose of this text?
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
【满分技巧4】“对号入座”解文章出处判断题
文章出处判断题只要考生具备一定的文体常识，然后“对号入座”，就可以搞定答案。比如，对于
newspaper/news report, advertisement, website, travel guide/brochure, magazine/journal/entertainment section, science report/study report/research, biography/autobiography, book/film review, course plan等等上面应该刊载/登载什么类别的文章，考生都应该有所了解。
【经典考例】
(浙江·2020年1月卷A篇节选)I never knew anyone who’ d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of "Little Red Riding Hood “with my brother’s two daughters. She’d just look up at the right time, long enough to answer-in character—“The better to eat you with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
23.Where is the text probably from?
A. A guidebook. B. An autobiography. C. A news report. D. A book review.
【满分技巧5】“整体把握”解文章篇章结构判断题
文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。然后：
①了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)；
②了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲， 常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question →Analyze the question→Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/Idea→ Evidence→Conclusion/Restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论/强调论点”的过程。
③了解文章的写作手法。从写作手法上讲，在高考阅读理解中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
【经典考例】
(南京外国语学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中)Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits. “Sow a thought, reap an action; sow an action, reap a habit; sow a habit, reap a character; sow a character, reap a destiny,” the maxim goes.
Habits are powerful factors in our lives. Because they are consistent, often unconscious patterns, they constantly, daily, express our character and produce our effectiveness…or ineffectiveness.
As Horace Mann, the great educator, once said, “Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand of it every day and soon it cannot be broken.” I personally do not agree with the last part of his expression. I know they can be broken. Habits can be learned and unlearned. But I also know it isn’t a quick fix. It involves a process and a tremendous commitment.
Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo 11 were transfixed as we saw the first men walk on the moon and return to earth. Superlatives such as “fantastic” and “incredible” were inadequate to describe those eventful days. But to get there, those astronauts literally had to break out of the tremendous gravity pull of the earth. More energy was spent in the first few minutes of lift-off, in the first few miles of travel, than was used over the next several days to travel half a million miles.
Habits, too, have tremendous gravity pull-more than most people realize or would admit. Breaking deeply imbedded habitual tendencies such as procrastination, impatience, criticalness, or selfishness that violate basic principles of human effectiveness involves more than a little willpower and a few minor changes in our lives. “Lift-off” takes a tremendous effort, but once we break out of the gravity pull, our freedom takes on a whole new dimension.
Like any natural force, the gravity pull can work with us or against us. The gravity pull of some of our habits may currently be keeping us from going where we want to go. But it is also the gravity pull that keeps our world together, that keeps the planets in their orbits and our universe in order. It is a powerful force, and if we use it effectively, we can use the gravity pull of habit to create the cohesiveness and order necessary to establish effectiveness in our lives.
30.What is the structure of the text?

A. B. C. D.
三、主旨大意题

主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。
(一)所考查的主要内容
段落大意题、文章主旨题、和标题归纳题。
(二)正选项的主要特征
1.选项内容概括性强，最大程度覆盖全段或全文；
2.正确选项标题简洁醒目、针对性强、高度概括。
(三)干扰项的主要特征
参看细节理解题“干扰项的主要特征”的有关内容。

【满分技巧1】厘清框架归纳段意
段落框架大体可以分成以下三种：
1.“总——分”式框架：段落首句为主题句。段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；
2.“分——总”式框架：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；
3.“分——总——分”式框架：主题句在段中。段落开头列举具体事例或现象，通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，后面的内容只是继续或拓展结论。
另外还有“无主题句式”：段落主题隐含在全段中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过某些关键词句的解读归纳出段落大意。
【经典考例】
(2021·浙江卷C篇节选)“With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions,” Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. “To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial