热点03-长江流域酷热天气与抗旱(通用版).docx

备战2023年中考英语热点话题解读+关键能力(题型)强化专练
热点03 长江流域酷热天气与抗旱

今年7月以来，受持续高温天气影响，四川、重庆、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽六省市先后出现不同程度旱情，对农业生产和饮水安全造成一定影响。目前，长江流域多省市都陆续启动相应级别的抗旱应急响应。根据气象水文预测，长江流域大部分地区将持续高温少雨天气。
6月中旬以来，长江流域降水由偏多转为偏少，其中，6月下旬偏少2成，7月偏少3成多，尤其是长江下游干流及鄱阳湖水系偏少5成左右，为近10年同期最少。
长江委水文局长江水文情报预报中心水情室主任张俊：当前，由于来水偏少，长江上游大部分控制性水库蓄水量偏少，长江中下游干流水位也呈持续消退态势，较历史同期大幅偏低，如汉口、大通等主要站水位当前偏低5—6米。据预测，8月中下旬长江流域降水仍将偏少，其中长江中下游干流南部将明显偏少。
鉴于当前旱情，水利部长江委要求流域相关省市做好旱情监测，及时发布预警，抓紧修订完善应急水量调度方案，有序做好抗旱水源储备，同时强化水资源统一调度，加强水利工程和供水设施运行管护和排查，做好抗旱应急物资和队伍准备。
据气象水文预测，未来一周，包括湖北在内的长江中下游地区可能出现夏伏旱。眼下，湖北全省的引调水工程正全线发力、抗击旱情。目前，湖北全省约20%的地区出现了气象干旱，湖北省水利部门除了调度水库、泵站放水，还充分运用鄂北水资源配置工程抗旱。湖北省水利厅鄂北局调度运行部主任何永煜：目前整个调水量已经达到了1.26亿立方米，主要是向襄州、枣阳、广水这些县市进行供水。鄂北水资源配置工程是国家172项节水供水重大水利工程之一，今年正式全线试运行。截至目前，已保障了从十堰丹江口到孝感大悟56万多人的饮用水以及沿线52.5万亩农田灌溉用水。位于荆州市的引江济汉工程也正加大调水力度，守护“湖北粮仓”。目前，湖北全省水利工程每天引调水近2亿立方米，其中沿长江、汉江泵站日均引水5700万立方米。按照先生活、后生产、再生态的原则，千方百计满足群众生活饮水和农业灌溉用水需求。
自7月4日以来，重庆持续高温，多地气温达40摄氏度以上，导致重庆33个区县土壤干旱，当地多措并举抗旱保供水。在重庆永川区五间镇，持续的高温给当地3000多亩蔬菜带来了不利影响。当地通过微灌、微喷、遮阳网等设备，对蔬菜增湿、降温，改善田间小气候。在秀山县龙凤坝镇小兰村，多个饮用水源点断流，当地采取上游水库放水、组织群众寻找新水源点和组织义务送水队送水等方式，多措并举解决人畜饮水需求。
连日来，受持续晴热少雨等天气因素影响，江西鄱阳湖水位继续下降。截至昨天(8月12日)17时，鄱阳湖标志性水文站星子站水位降至10.67米，比去年同期低4.31米，湖区水体面积缩水至978平方公里。此外，抚州、吉安等29个县(市、区)出现重度及以上气象干旱，预计今天，江西省中度及以上气象干旱范围将扩大至68个县(市、区)，国家防总针对江西已启动抗旱应急响应，确保人饮安全，努力保障工农业生产用水需求。
今年7月以来，受长江上游来水减少和持续高温少雨天气影响，洞庭湖水位连续回落40余天，跌破24.50米的枯水水位。8月11日，在位于湖南岳阳的洞庭湖城陵矶水文站，15根记录水位的标尺已有13根裸露在外，水文部门监测到的数据显示：当日上午8时，洞庭湖城陵矶站水位为24.12米，较历年同期偏低4.28米，预计未来一周，在无有效降雨影响下，洞庭湖城陵矶站水位将继续保持下降趋势，并造成洞庭湖北部部分支流和干渠出现断流现象。为应对旱情，岳阳市派出400名水利干部下到抗旱一线，指导群众抗旱自救。为保障洞庭湖区居民正常生产生活，岳阳市相关部门采取开闸放水、取水补水等措施缓解旱情。(央视网 | 2022年08月13日)

I.相关短语
1.伏旱summer drought
【背景：Soaring temperatures and little rainfall have worsened the drought in the Ningxia Hui and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions, as well as the provinces of Gansu, Guizhou and Hunan。(高温和少雨天气使宁夏回族自治区、内蒙古自治区，以及甘肃、贵州和湖南等省的旱情进一步加剧。)】
2.酷热sizzling/severe heat
3.烈日/骄阳scorching sun
4.炎炎夏日blistering summer day
5.灼热的太阳torrid sun
6.湿热难耐的天气sultry weather
7.升温heat up
8.闷热stiflingly hot
9.湿热hot and humid
10.干热hot and dry
11.连续高温天气hot spell
12.高温病heat-related illnesses
13.抗热的/耐热的heat-resistant
14.桑拿天sauna days
15.汗流浃背be bathed/soaked with sweat
16.高温预警heat alert
17.消暑beat the heat
18.避暑escape the heat
19.中暑get heat-stroke/sunstroke
20.晒伤/晒黑sunburn/got tan
21.水资源短缺water shortage
22.抗旱drought relief
23.人工降雨artificial precipitation operations
24.气象部门meteorological departments
25.热浪heat wave
26.避暑胜地summer resort
27.避暑药a preventive against sunstroke
28.最高温度maximum temperatures
29.绝对温度absolute temperature
30.室温/常温room temperature
31.抗热的/耐热的heat-resistant
32.乘凉enjoy the cool air
33.空调air conditioning
34.汗流浃背be bathed/soaked with sweat
35.急救emergency treatments
36.用电需求power demands
37.应急供电计划emergency power-supply plan
38.高温黄色预警yellow alert for high temperatures/yellow-coded heat alert
39.冰块ice cubes
40.摄氏度degree Celsius
41.华氏度degree Fahrenheit
42.室外活动outdoor activities
43.在阴凉处in the shade
44.临时避暑站temporary shelters for people to escape the heat
45.国家气象中心National Meteorological Center
II.关于“天热”的各种表达
1.dog days. 三伏天。它是指夏天最热的那些天。
I can't stand the dog days of summer which are really unbearable. 我受不了三伏天了，实在太难受了。
2.The sun was blazing. 太阳正猛烈燃烧。
Bear Grylls, he was like “the sun is blazing, i have got to find some water”. 贝爷当时说，太阳正熊熊燃烧，我必须找到水喝。
3.fry eggs on the sidewalk. 打个鸡蛋在路面上都熟了。
Anna：Andy, you could fry eggs on the sidewalk today. 安迪，天气太热了。
Andy：Yeah, what a hot day. I can't go a day without an AC.是啊，热的受不了，我没有空调都没法活。
4. I am leaking.热得我都在滴水了。
I am leaking and i could do with a cold coke. 热得我大汗淋漓，真想马上要一杯冻可乐。
5.It is as hot as in a sauna.热得像在蒸桑拿！

一、阅读理解
1
Terrible weather events are harming the planet, and experts warn of even greater results to come. The sea ice loss and the Arctic ice melting (融化) caused by climate change have increased much in the last ten years. So they have pushed down the number of polar bears and seals while polar bears depend on sea ice for hunting seals.
According to the data from the WMO, temperatures on the Antarctica (南极洲) just hit 18.3℃, which is higher than the record of 17.59℃ in March, 2015. Moreover, temperatures in this area have warmed about 3℃ over the last 50 years. Although such temperatures might be considered pleasant for a picnic or a hiking trip, this is the Antarctica we are talking about. It is home to the most inhospitable environment on the planet because it is supposed to be an extremely cold place. In fact, the average temperature of the continent’s central area is -57℃.
Besides, many places are experiencing the extreme weather this summer. Australia is undergoing its worst drought (干旱) since the 1930s, leaving bushfires burning so long and causing many deaths. Meanwhile in Europe, crops in the northwest are suffering the driest weather in the past 80 years. Recently West Texas in America has also gone through its worst drought in more than 70 years, while floods have hit Eastern and Southern China.
“Climate change is bad for us human beings, which causes direct health problems. I’m afraid there will be more common events like the one that 30,000 to 50,000 persons died in Europe in 2003 due to the heat wave there,” Professor Schwartz said. “It will also cause more air pollution, diseases and lack of clean water and so on.”
1. What doesn’t bring down the number of polar bears according to this passage?
A. Hunting. B. Climate change.
C. The sea ice loss. D. The Arctic ice melting.
2. What can we get from this passage?
A. The Antarctica is pleasant for a hiking trip.
B. Extreme weather led to wildfires burning in Europe.
C. Climate change will cause air pollution and diseases.
D. The temperatures on the Antarctica hit the highest in March, 2015.
3. What does the underlined word “inhospitable” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Friendly to live. B. Unfit to live.
C. Comfortable to live. D. Unhealthy to live.
4. Which place didn’t experience drought this summer?
A. America. B. China. C. Australia. D. Europe.
5. What is the main idea for this passage?
A. The whole planet is drier and drier.
B. The Antarctica is warmer and warmer.
C. Climate change is getting worse and worse.
D. The number of polar bears is smaller and smaller.
2
Every year on March 22, World Water Day focuses people’s attention on the importance of water across the world. In 2018, the theme is “Nature for Water”.
This year’s theme, “Nature for Water”, focuses on how nature-based solutions (NBS) can be used to help fix the water problems facing many people and ecosystems (生态系统) at the present time. Nature-based solutions are ways of managing plants, soils and wetlands, including rivers and lakes, to help with the management of water availability and quality. They will not solve the problem of drought (干旱) but should provide effective ways for improving water quality and increasing water supplies.
Anything that includes positively altering nature is an NBS.
●Bringing back forests, grasslands and natural wetlands
By bringing back natural ecosystems, we can help to rebalance water levels around the world, benefitting both humans and ecosystems;
●Connecting rivers to floodplains again
If properly managed, natural floodplains can provide help to wildlife, fish and people by giving them both space and clean water;
●Building sand dams
In very dry areas, such as Zimbabwe, sand dams are used to increase the amount of water that can be stored, meaning that farmers can grow more crops and people can have enough drinking water;
●Landscape restoration
Excessive logging (过度砍伐) in Alwar, India, has caused extremely serious droughts. The government has focused on the regeneration of forests and soils, which has not only helped the rivers to refill but also wildlife, such as antelopes and leopards, to return to the area.
6. What can we learn about the nature-based solutions?
A. They will successfully solve the problem of drought.
B. They make plants, soils and wetlands totally different.
C. They can improve water quality and increase water supplies.
D. They can help us learn why people in history faced water problems.
7. The underlined word “altering” is closest in meaning to “________”.
A. changing B. creating C. increasing D. breaking
8. Why is it important to bring back natural ecosystems?
A. Because they give space to both wildlife and fish.
B. Because they help increase water levels around the world.
C. Because they can supply clean water to both animals and humans.
D. Because they help bring water levels around the Earth back into balance.
9. This article is most likely a(n) ________.
A. advertisement B. speech C. newspaper article D. interview
3
Every morning Hannah Griffiths and her workmates walked into the rainforest in the Maliau Basin in Bormeo, where they had set up a set of experiments to look at the ecological effects of small creatures: termites.
Termites get a bum rap in USA. They are thought to make the loss of billions of dollars each year because they bite up a huge number of woods. And they are responsible for something like 2 % of global carbon emissions, simply because of their huge populations and their like for biting through some special materials. People hate them and are trying to kill them.
But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems. Scientists have known for years that in tropical forests, termites eat up fallen leaves and dead wood. They help keep the fallen material under control. They let nutrients from the dead material back into the system to be used by other plants, insects, and animals. But scientists didn’t know exactly how important the insects were in keeping the forest healthy and functional, so they removed termites from a particular place in the forest and saw what would happen.
Hannah Griffiths and her workmates started their experiment. It chanced that the forest was hit by an extreme drought at that time. During the non-drought years, they saw there was wasn’t much difference between the normal places and the ones where they’d removed the termites. but during the drought, the effects were easy to see. What they found was unexpected: in the termite-rich areas, the soil stayed slightly wet, more trees sprouted, and the system was still full of activity during the long, dry period.
For Griffiths, she thought that they could pick out the real importance of termites to the system only because they accidentally studied termites during the drought. She pointed out, An “And that rings alarm bells in my head,” she said, “because it makes me think: what else don’t we know? If we start damaging biological com munities, what will happen? And what if a species dies out?”
10. Which of the following best explains “bum rap” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A. bad impression B. good image C. positive influence D. special like
11. What have scientists learned about termites?
A. They do serious harm to tropical rainforests.
B. They speed up the loss of nutrients in the rainforest.
C. They act as food for other plants, insects and animals.
D. They do something good to the ecosystem they live in.
12. From the finding of Griffiths’ experiment, we can infer that termites ________
A. help rainforests survive the drought
B. enjoy enting trees during the drought
C. prefer drought years to non-drought ones
D. benefit more from the forest during the drought
13. Griffiths might want to tell us ________
A. termites are now in danger
B. termites damage biological communities
C. we should think twice before damaging a species
D. we should study the drought to improve the system
4
Terrible weather events are harming the planet (星球，地球), and experts warn of even greater results to come. The sea ice loss and the Arctic (北极的) ice melting (融化) caused by climate change have increased much in the last ten years. So they have pushed down the number of polar bears (北极熊) and seals while polar bears depend on sea ice for hunting seals (海豹).
According to the data from the WMO, temperatures on the Antarctica (南极洲) just hit 18.3℃, which is higher than the record of 17.59℃ in March, 2015. Moreover, temperatures in this area have warmed about 3℃ over the last 50 years. Although such temperatures might be considered pleasant for a picnic or a hiking trip, this is the Antarctica we are talking about. It is home to the most inhospitable environment on the planet because it is supposed to be an extremely cold place. In fact, the average temperature of the continent’s central area is -57℃.
Besides, many places are experiencing the extreme weather this summer. Australia is undergoing its worst drought (干旱) since the 1930s, leaving bush fires (丛林大火) burning so long and causing many deaths. Meanwhile in Europe, crops in the northwest are suffering the driest weather in the past 80 years. Recently West Texas in America has also gone through its worst drought in more than 70 years, while floods have hit Eastern and Southern China.
“Climate change is bad for us human beings, which causes direct health problems. I’m afraid there will be more common events like the one that 30,000 to 50,000 persons died in Europe in 2003 due to the heat wave there,” Professor Schwartz said. “It will also cause more air pollution, diseases and lack of clean water and so on.”
14. What doesn’t bring down the number of polar bears according to this passage?
A. Hunting. B. Climate change.
C. The sea ice loss. D. The Arctic ice melting.
15. What can you get in this passage?
A. The Antarctica is pleasant for a hiking trip.
B. Extreme weather led to wildfires burning in Europe.
C. Climate change will cause air pollution and diseases.
D. The temperatures on the Antarctica hit the highest in March, 2015.
16. What does the underlined word “inhospitable” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Comfortable to live B. Friendly to live
C. Unhealthy to live D. Unfit to live
17. What is the main idea for this passage?
A. The whole planet is drier and drier.
B. The Antarctica is warmer and warmer.
C. Climate change is getting worse and worse.
D. The number of polar bears is smaller and smaller.
5
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps(虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United State where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch. Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimeter long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps