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句子的成分及结构(初高考点差异及衔接)
初中要求
学习的基本句子成分包括:主谓宾,定状补;我们学习的句子结构主要是主谓宾和主系表;我们学习的句子类型主要是简单句和并列句。
高中要求
学习基本句子成分在分析长难句中的运用,侧重于培养综合能力。把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中,不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。
【初中代词考点聚焦】
简单句的6种基本结构
1. S + V +P 主 + 系 + 表
2. S + V +O 主 + 谓 + 宾
谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
eg: Who knows the answer?
She laughs at her.
3. S +V 主 + 谓
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
eg: Time flies.
Class begins!
4. S +V + IO + DO 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。
通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。
eg: She passed him a new dress.
I told her nothing.
5. S + V + O + OC 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾语补足语
动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意完整。
eg: We keep the table clean.
They painted the door green.
6. There be句型
1. They work hard.
2. The flower is dead.
3. Plants need water.
4. He gives me some seeds.
5. We should keep the plants in the shade.
6. Many animals live in trees.
7. The cake tastes delicious.
8. Classes begin at eight every day.
9. They haven't decided where to go next.
10. Jim cannot dress himself.
11. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year.
12. Shall I call you a taxi?
【高中代词考点聚焦】
简单句的八种基本句型
英语句子按照其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句的基本句型由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)等构成。
1.主谓(SV)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需接宾语。
2.主谓状(SVA)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语是不及物动词;副词、介词短语等作状语。
3.主(系)表(SP)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中动词不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语的身份、特征、类属、状态等的表语,其中的动词称为系动词。系动词除了be动词之外,还有:①表示感官的动词:feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound等;②表示状态延续的动词:remain,stay,keep,continue等;③表示转变、变化的动词:become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow等。
4.主谓宾(SVO)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,其后必须要接一个宾语,即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是:名词、代词、动词不定式、疑问词+动词不定式和动词ing形式。
判断下面句子的句型。
①His name is Johnson.
②The young man cried.
③ The little boy breathed deeply.
④The old man found his lost dog.
5.主谓宾状(SVOA)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词,其后接宾语。副词、介词短语等作状语。
6.主谓宾宾(SVOO)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语是及物动词,后接两个宾语。这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,其前通常需要加介词for或to。
[名师点津]
①跟双宾语需借助于to的动词:bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write等;
②跟双宾语需借助于for的动词:buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。
7.主谓宾补(SVOC)
[观察典例]
[归纳用法]
该句型中谓语动词后虽然已接一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须再加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。
[名师点津]
用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的结构。即:“主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语”。it作形式宾语,通常和下列动词连用:consider,think,make,find,believe,feel,guess,imagine,judge,prove,see,suppose,take等。
8.存现句
[观察典例]
There are many students in the playground.操场上有许多学生。
There is a pen on the desk.桌子上有一支笔。
判断下面句子的句型。
①He put the apples on the table.
②My mum brought me a new dictionary.
③She found her bike stolen.
④There are 66 students in our class.
一.指出下列句中加黑部分所作的句子成分
1.His parents are well taken care of in the village.
2.He managed to finish the work in time.
3.His wish is to become a scientist.
4.Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.
5.He noticed a man enter the room.
6.Would you tell me your advice?
7.I opened the window to let some fresh air in.
8.He was elected chairman of the company.
9.The man is a black writer.
二.判断下列句子的句型
1.Time flies.
2.He enjoys reading.
3.The sun keeps us warm.
4.The dinner smells good.
5.This is an EnglishChinese dictionary.
6.I want to have a cup of tea very much.
7.Jack gave his little brother a present.
8.There seemed to be no doubt about it.
三.联词组句并判断其句型
1.have,yellow,the,turned,leaves
2.him,all,considered,honest,us,of
3.the,would,me,you,dictionary,pass,please
4.successfully,have,they,plan,the,out,carried
5.sun,east,the,in,rises,the,red
6.look,things,the,after,boys,their,must
7.begins,eight,the,English,at,class,o'clock
8.man,the,too,motorbike,the,on,travelling,fast,was
9.school,her,boy,of,to,he,take,out,asked,the
10.a,the,around,restaurant,corner,is,there
四.分析下列的句子成分并尝试翻译
1.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.
分析:句子的主干是 结构。其中What you need是 语;is是 语;a great teacher who lets you make mistakes是 语,其中who lets you make mistakes是 从句。
2.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences.
分析:Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences是 句;Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed是as引导的 从句,使用了倒装结构。
3.By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character.
分析:第一个I是主句的 语;can leave和enter是句子的 语;my burdens和 a wonderful、mysterious world where I am now a new character是句子的 语,其中wonderful、mysterious 和where I am now a new character作 语修饰world。
4.This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.
分析:This small group bike tour是句子的 语; is是句子的 语; fantastic和to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.作 语修饰way,其中with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.作 语修饰cherry trees。
5.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.
分析:Knowledgeable guides作句子的 语;will entertain作句子的 语;with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks作 语,其中介词短语about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks作 语修饰stories。
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