专题08：完形填空说明文文应试策略(三)(解析版)(新高考专用).docx

►专题08 完形填空说明文应对策略
考点难点精讲

【题型特点】
说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：
1. 开头点题
在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2.结构清晰
说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。
3.难度较大
说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
4.遣词用字简练
说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
5.条理清晰
说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。

【应试策略】
1. 快速弄清文章大意
对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序
把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。
3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：
（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。
（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。
（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。
（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。
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优选真题演练

【2023·湖南省雅礼十六校第一次联考】
It is commonly believed that the great English____21____and poet William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 23, 1564. But it is impossible to know the____22____day on which he was born.
Church records show he was baptized (施洗礼) on April 26, and three days was a(an)____23____amount of time to wait before baptizing a newly born baby. Shakespeare’s date of death is ____24____ known, however: it was April 23, 1616. He was 52 and had retired to Stratford three years before.
Although few plays have been performed or analyzed as____25____as the 38 plays Shakespeare wrote, there are few surviving____26____about his life. This ____27____ of biographical information is due primarily to his social ____28____; he was not a ____29____, but the son of a leather trader.
Shakespeare _____30_____ attended the grammar school in Stratford, where he would have studied Latin and read _____31_____ literature. He did not go to university and at age 18 married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his _____32_____. They had four children, including the twins, Hamnet and Judith. Nothing is known of the period between the birth of the twins and Shakespeare’s _____33_____ as a dramatist in London in the early 1590s.
In a million words written over 20 years, he _____34_____ the full range of human emotions and conflicts with a _____35_____ that remains sharp today. As his great contemporary the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson said, "He was not of an age, but for all time."242
21．A．writer B．artist C．dramatist D．actor
22．A．real B．exact C．certain D．right
23．A．customary B．fixed C．traditional D．permanent
24．A．conclusively B．finally C．actually D．rarely
25．A．vividly B．extensively C．dramatically D．intensively
26．A．facts B．proves C．hints D．details
27．A．bareness B．scarcity C．amount D．abundance
28．A．rank B．wealth C．evaluation D．reputation
29．A．lord B．businessman C．celebrity D．noble
30．A．indeed B．probably C．surely D．truly
31．A．classical B．comedic C．tragic D．ancient
32．A．wife B．junior C．senior D．sister
33．A．ambition B．development C．shift D．emergence
34．A．captured B．possessed C．gripped D．clenched
35．A．level B．pen C．precision D．method
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．A 25．B 26．D  27．B  28．A  29．D 30．B
31．A 32．C 33．D 34．A 35．C
【解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了威廉·莎士比亚的生平和伟大成就。
21．C人们普遍认为，伟大的英国剧作家和诗人威廉·莎士比亚于1564年4月23日出生在埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德。A. writer作家；B. artist艺术家；C. dramatist剧作家；D. actor演员。由第13空后的“as a dramatist”可知，威廉·莎士比亚是一位剧作家，故选C。
22．B但是不可能知道他确切的出生日期。A. real真正的；B. exact确切的；C. certain一定的；D. right正确的。由后文“Church records show he was baptized (施洗礼）on April 26, and three days was a(an)____ ____amount of time to wait before baptizing a newly born baby”可知，不可能知道他确切的出生日期。故选B。
23．A 教堂记录显示，他在4月26日接受洗礼，按照惯例，给新生婴儿洗礼前需要等待三天。A. customary依惯例的；B. fixed固定的；C. traditional传统的；D. permanent永久的。由后文“amount of time to wait before baptizing a newly born baby”可知，按照惯例，给新生婴儿洗礼前需要等待三天。故选A。
24．A然而，莎士比亚的死亡日期是确定的：1616年4月23日。A. conclusively确定地；B. finally最后；C. actually事实上；D. rarely罕见地。由后文“it was April 23, 1616”可知，莎士比亚的死亡日期是确定的，故选A。
25．B尽管很少有戏剧像莎士比亚所写的38部戏剧那样被广泛地表演或分析，但关于他的生活的细节却很少被保存下来。A. vividly生动地；B. extensively广泛地；C. dramatically剧烈地；D. intensively强烈地。由后文“as the 38 plays Shakespeare wrote”可知，尽管很少有戏剧像莎士比亚所写的38部戏剧那样被广泛地表演或分析，空格处是“广泛地”，故选B。
26．D  尽管很少有戏剧像莎士比亚所写的38部戏剧那样被广泛地表演或分析，但关于他的生活的细节却很少被保存下来。A. facts事实；B. proves证明；C. hints暗示；D. details细节。由上文的“Although”和后文的“about his life”可知，句子表示“尽管很少有戏剧像莎士比亚所写的38部戏剧那样被广泛地表演或分析，但关于他的生活的细节却很少被保存下来”，空格处是“细节”，故选D。
 27．B这种传记信息的缺乏主要是由于他的社会地位。A. bareness赤裸；B. scarcity不足，缺乏；C. amount数量；D. abundance丰富。由上文的“there are few surviving________about his life”可知，此处是说“这种传记信息的缺乏”，故选B。
 28．A这种传记信息的缺乏主要是由于他的社会地位。A. rank地位，等级；B. wealth财富；C. evaluation评价；D. reputation名声。由后文“he was not a ________, but the son of a leather trader”可知，此处是说“这种传记信息的缺乏主要是由于他的社会地位”，故选A。
 29．D他不是贵族，而是一个皮革商人的儿子。A. lord主，上帝；B. businessman商人；C. celebrity名人；D. noble贵族。由后文的“but the son of a leather trader”可知，他不是贵族，而是一个皮革商人的儿子，故选D。
30．B莎士比亚可能曾就读于斯特拉特福德的文法学校，在那里他会学习拉丁语，阅读古典文学。A. indeed的确；B. probably可能；C. surely肯定；D. truly真正地。由后文“attended the grammar school in Stratford”和上文的“there are few surviving________about his life”可知，此处是一种推测，空格处是“可能”，故选B。
31．A莎士比亚可能曾就读于斯特拉特福德的文法学校，在那里他会学习拉丁语，阅读古典文学。A. classical古典的；B. comedic喜剧的；C. tragic悲剧的；D. ancient古代的。由后文“literature”可知，此处是说他阅读古典文学。故选A。
32．C他没有上过大学，18岁时娶了比他大8岁的安妮·海瑟薇。A. wife妻子；B. junior较年幼者；C. senior较年长的人；D. sister姐妹。由上文“Anne Hathaway, who was eight years”和常识可知，他18岁时娶了比他大8岁的安妮·海瑟薇，空格处是“较年长的人”，故选C。
33．D从这对双胞胎出生到16世纪90年代早期莎士比亚在伦敦成为戏剧家这段时间，人们一无所知。A. ambition雄心；B. development发展；C. shift转变；D. emergence出现，显现。由“as a dramatist in London in the early 1590s”可知，莎士比亚在伦敦成为戏剧家，空格处意为“出现”，故选D。
34．A 在20多年的时间里，他用100万字的文字记录下了人类所有的情感和冲突，其精准程度在今天依然敏锐。A. captured记录；B. possessed拥有；C. gripped握紧；D. clenched攥紧。由上文“In a million words written over 20 years”和后文“the full range of human emotions and conflicts”可知，他用100万字的文字记录下了人类所有的情感和冲突，故选A。
35．C在20多年的时间里，他用100万字的文字记录下了人类所有的情感和冲突，其精准程度在今天依然敏锐。A. level水平；B. pen钢笔；C. precision精确（性）；D. method方法。由上文“In a million words written over 20 years, he ________ the full range of human emotions and conflicts”和后文“remains sharp”可知，句子表示“他用100万字的文字记录下了人类所有的情感和冲突，其精准程度在今天依然敏锐”，故选C。

【2022年浙江省二模】
阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
China’s cultural relic protection has made progress, but many problems still exist and need to be solved. China has made over 30 ____31____ based on the law of cultural relic protection.
China has also ____32____ four international agreements concerning cultural relic protection and investment in cultural relic protection has also ____33____.
Statistics show that from 2000 to 2005 when China carried out its 10th Five­Year Development Plan, total investment in the field ____34____ 7.889 billion yuan. With financial support from government, China also started a nationwide campaign to search and ____35____ cultural relics in 2003.
China has so far included a total of 2,351 cultural relic sites and 518 intangible (无形的) cultural relics on the ____36____ of national protected items. Recovery and protection have been ____37____ on important cultural relic sites such as the Potala Palace in Tibet and the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Chinese museums have developed well in recent years. China has more than 2,300 museums that ____38____ about 150 million people annually.
However, cultural relics in China now face great ____39____. Many historic cities have been ____40____. Illegal trade and smuggling (走私) activities have not been forbidden, which has led to the loss of national treasures overseas. ____41____, many important cultural relic sites have disappeared or are hard to pass on because of too much exploration and improper use. And cultural relics ____42____ by minority ethnic groups have lost their character due to the ____43____ lifestyle of the people.
Therefore, we should keep our mind clear and take ____44____ to better protect cultural relics, and ____45____ the whole society to take part in this cause.270
31．A．reforms B．principles C．agendas D．rules
32．A．formed B．organized C．joined D．banned
33．A．improved B．increased C．promoted D．dismissed
34．A．arrived B．expected C．reached D．jumped
35．A．protect B．bless C．collapse D．reserve
36．A．list B．record C．file D．case
37．A．carried out B．laid out C．brought out D．put out
38．A．submit B．attract C．acknowledge D．satisfy
39．A．chances B．opportunities C．pressures D．challenges
40．A．missed B．disappeared C．lost D．destroyed
41．A．In summary B．What’s worse C．However D．Therefore
42．A．collected B．bought C．held D．discovered
43．A．occupied B．harmonious C．changing D．widening
44．A．notice B．turns C．advantage D．measures
45．A．encourage B．consult C．command D．assign
【答案】 31．D 32．C 33．B 34．C 35．A 36．A 37．A 38．B 39．D 40．D
41．B 42．C 43．C 44．D 45．A
【解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。中国的文物保护工作取得了一定的进展，但仍存在许多问题需要解决。文章主要介绍了中国对文物保护所付出的一些努力以及现在仍然面临的一些挑战。
31．D中国根据《文物保护法》制定了30多条条例。A. reforms改革；B. principles原则；C. agendas议程；D. rules条例，规则。根据后文“based on the law of cultural relic protection”可知根据《文物保护法》制定了30多条条例。故选D。
32．C中国还加入了四个有关文物保护的国际协定，文物保护投资也增加了。A. formed构成；B. organized组织；C. joined加入；D. banned禁止。结合后文“four international agreements concerning cultural relic protection”可知中国加入了四个有关文物保护的国际协定。故选C。
33．B中国还加入了四个有关文物保护的国际协定，文物保护投资也增加了。A. improved改善；B. increased增加；C. promoted促进；D. dismissed开除。由后文的“7.889 billion yuan”可知，中国在文物保护领域的投资增加。故选B。
34．C据统计，从2000年到2005年中国第十个五年发展规划，该领域的总投资达到78.89亿元。A. arrived到达（某地）；B. expected期待；C. reached达到；D. jumped跳跃。根据后文“7.889 billion yuan”可知，此处指达到多少钱，应用reach。故选C。
35．A在政府的财政支持下，中国还于2003年启动了一项全国性的文物搜寻和保护运动。A. protect保护；B. bless保佑；C. collapse倒塌；D. reserve预定。根据第二段的“cultural relic protection”可知国家启动了文物保护运动。故选A。
36．A截至目前，中国已将2351处文物古迹和518处非物质文化遗产列入国家重点保护目录。A. list目录，清单；B. record记录；C. file文件；D. case情况。根据后文“of national protected items”可知指列入国家重点保护目录。故选A。
37．A对西藏布达拉宫、北京故宫博物院等重要文物古迹进行了恢复和保护。A. carried out实行；B. laid out摆出；C. brought out使显示；D. put out扑灭。由上文的“Recovery and protection”和后文的“on important cultural relic sites”可知，是对西藏布达拉宫、北京故宫博物院等重要文物古迹实行了恢复和保护，空格处是“实行”，故选A。
38．B中国有2300多个博物馆，每年吸引约1.5亿人参观。A. submit提交；B. attract吸引；C. acknowledge承认；D. satisfy满足。根据后文“about 150 million people annually”可知指吸引1.5亿人来参观。故选B。
39．D然而，中国的文物现在面临着巨大的挑战。A. chances机会；B. opportunities机遇；C. pressures压力；D. challenges挑战。根据后文“Illegal trade and smuggling activities have not been forbidden”可知本段主要是在说明文物面临的挑战（如非法贸易和走私等）。故选D。
40．D许多历史名城被毁。A. missed错过；B. disappeared消失；C. lost失去；D. destroyed破坏。本段主要是在说明文物面临的挑战，可知此处是指历史名城遭到毁坏的情况。故选D。
41．B更糟糕的是，因为过分勘探和利用不当，许多重要的文物古迹已经消失或难以传承。A. In summary总之；B. What’s worse更糟糕的是；C. However然而；D. Therefore因此。结合后文“many important cultural relic sites have disappeared”可知此处指比前面提到的非法贸易和走私更遭的情况，空格处是“更糟糕的是”，故选B。
42．C少数民族拥有的文化遗产也因为人们生活方式的改变而失去了它们的特性。A. collected收集；B. bought购买；C. held拥有；D. discovered发现。根据前后文语境“cultural relics___12__by minority ethnic groups”可知指少数民族拥有的文化遗产，应用hold。故选C。
43．C少数民族拥有的文化遗产也因为人们生活方式的改变而失去了它们的特性。A. occupied忙于……的；B. harmonious和谐的；C. changing变化中的；D. widening不断扩大的。由上文的“have lost their character”和后文的“lifestyle of the people”可知，少数民族拥有的文化遗产也因为人们生活方式的改变而失去了它们的特性，空格处是“变化中的”，故选C。
44．D因此，我们应该保持清醒的头脑，采取措施更好地保护文物，并鼓励全社会参与到这项事业中来。A. notice通知；B. turns拐弯；C. advantage优点；D. measures措施。根据后文“to better protect cultural relics”可知指采取保护文化的措施。take measures to do“采取措施……”。故选D。
45．A因此，我们应该保持清醒的头脑，采取措施更好地保护文物，并鼓励全社会参与到这项事业中来。A. encourage鼓励；B. consult咨询；C. command命令；D. assign布置。结合后文“whole society to take part in this cause”可知不仅要采取措施，还要鼓励全社会的参与。故选A。

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名校好题必测

【湖北十堰市联合体2022-2023学年高三上学期11月期中联考英语试题】
I am very lucky because I enjoy my work very much. I’m a fitness instructor at a gym near where I live. I ____21____six aerobics(有氧运动) classes a week and also tell my students about ____22____ and nutrition. As they say, “You are what you ____23____ .”
To be honest, I worry about the ____24____ that many people have today. So many people are overweight. Because they eat the ____25____ foods and they don’t do any exercise. When you work in an office all day, I know it is difficult to find ____26____ to keep fit, but you only need to do 20 minutes a day!
It’s also very important to have a ____27____ diet, starting with breakfast in the morning. It’s not a good idea to ____28____ breakfast although many of us just have a cup of tea or coffee. Eat as much ____29____ food as possible — lots of fruit and vegetables — and ____30____ not to eat too much fried food.
One ____31____ why a lot of people feel less than 100% fit is that they don’t drink enough water. You need to drink two liters(升) a day — and water ____32____ water, not tea, coffee or sugary drinks.
Keeping fit is fun. However, a lot of people think it’s boring to go jogging or cycling. They just want to ____33____ their food. Well, of course, it’s fine to have cakes and ice cream, but not every day! I would say we like what our bodies ____34____ and if you eat more healthy food, over time, you might find yourself wanting to eat them more than anything else. Try it, I think you’ll be ____35____!
21. A. design B. teach C. share D. choose
22. A. taste B. cooking C. health D. wealth
23. A. eat B. wear C. speak D. think
24. A. idea B. habit C. diet D. goal
25. A. cheap B. proper C. delicious D. wrong
26. A. space B. money C. time D. courage
27. A. special B. poor C. simple D. balanced
28. A. make B. miss C. get D. order
29. A. fresh B. dried C. fast D. expensive
30. A. promise B. beg C. decide D. try
31. A. reason B. excuse C. result D. opinion
32. A. means B. includes C. needs D. produces
33. A. enjoy B. show C. prepare D. research
34. A. settle down to B. are buried in C. are made of D. are used to
35. A. moved B. surprised C. troubled D. worried
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作为健身教练，作者建议人们均衡饮食，多吃新鲜健康的食物，每天都要锻炼，这样才能保持健康。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我每周教六节有氧运动课，也给学生讲解健康和营养方面的知识。A. design设计；B. teach教；C. share分享；D. choose选择。根据前一句“I’m a fitness instructor at a gym near where I live.(我是我家附近一家健身房的健身教练)”可知，作者在健身房里当健身教练。由此可知，作者应是每周教六节有氧运动课。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. taste味道；B. cooking烹饪；C. health健康；D. wealth财富。根据常识及语境可知，作者作为健身教练，应是告诉他的学生关于健康和营养的知识。故选C。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：正如他们所说，“你吃什么就像什么。”A. eat吃；B. wear穿着，戴着；C. speak说话；D. think故思考，认为。根据下文“Because they eat the ________ foods and they don’t do any exercise.”可知，本文主要讲述的是关于饮食的问题，故此处表达的是，人们普遍认为：你吃什么，你就是什么样。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：说实话，我担心现在很多人的饮食。A. idea主意，想法；B. habit习惯；C. diet饮食；D. goal目标。根据下文“Because they eat the ________ foods and they don’t do any exercise.”可知，人们饮食不当，缺乏锻炼，从而导致发胖。由此可知，此处表达的是，作者担心很多人的饮食。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因为他们吃错误的食物，他们不做任何锻炼。A. cheap便宜的；B. proper合适的；C. delicious美味的；D. wrong错误的。根据上文的“So many people are overweight.(很多人超重)”可知，人们饮食不当并且不锻炼是超重的原因。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你整天在办公室