直接引语变间接引语面面观.doc

直接引语变间接引语面面观
一、如何变人称：学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me.The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。"Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。
如：He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。）
三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his
.四、如何变句型：①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes
.②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim."You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework."Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如："Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.

Unit 5　If you go to the party，you’ll have a great time!
　　【单元目标】
have a great time 　玩得高兴 take away　 　　　　运走，取走
all the time　 　　 一直，始终　 too much　 　　 太多
get exercise 　　锻炼　 travel around the world 　　周游世界
　work hard 　努力工作 wear jeans 　 　 穿牛仔裤
let in　 　　允许……进入　 get an education　 获得教育
make a living　 　　谋生 in order to 　　为了
have a party 　　举行聚会 go to college　 　　上大学
be famous for 　　因……而著称 make money 　　　 挣钱
in fact　 事实上 laugh at 　　　　 嘲笑
　　　Ⅱ．目标句型：
　　1. If you do, you’ll…
　　2. I’m going to …
　　3. You should…
　　4. Don’t you want to …?
　　5. Don’t you think ….?
　　Ⅲ．语法
　　1. if条件句
　　2. 现在进行时表示将来的时间
　　Ⅳ.【重难点分析】
　　一. if条件句
　　1. if条件句：条件句用于陈述语气，表示假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是“如果”的意思。
构　　成
条件从句
主　　句
时　　态
If＋一般现在时
主语＋shall/will+动词原形
例　　句
If he comes,
he will take us to the zoo.
　　2. 用法：
　　(1)条件状语从句通常由连词if引导，意为“如果、假如”，主句不能用be going to表示将来，而应该用shall，will。
　　　 If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (错误)
　　　 If you leave now, you will never regret it. (正确)
　　(2)if “如果”，引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时，如：
　　　 If it rains tomorrow, I shan’t climb the hills.
　　　 注意宾语从句中的if与条件状语从句if的区别。宾语从句中的if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态需根据语境确定。
　　 　I don't know if it will rain tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会下雨。
　　二. 现在进行时表示将来的时间
　　1. 用be doing表示将来：主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位置转移的动词，如：go，come，leave，arrive等， 也可用于其他动作动词，如：
　　We are having fish for dinner. 我们晚饭吃鱼。
　　We are moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. 后天我们会去另外一个旅馆。
　　这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文可表示最近即将发生的动作。
　　A: Where are you going?
　　B: I am going for a walk. Are you coming with me?
　　A: Yes, I am just coming. Wait for me.
　　2. 现在进行时表示将来和用be going to 表示将来意思比较接近，但是现在进行时更强调事先已安排好，即将去做的事情, 而be going to 一般只表示打算做某事，有做某事的意图。我们来看两个例子：
　　She is having a meeting at 9 tomorrow. 她明天早晨9点有个会。
　　We are leaving for London next week.我们下周出发去伦敦。
　　这两个句子里就是用现在进行时表示将来已经安排好要做的事情。
　　三. too much 和 much too
　　too much 后接不可数名词，用来表示数量太多，意思是“……太多了（数量多）”；much too后接形容词，用来说明程度的，意思是“太……（程度深）”如：
　　much too heavy 太重了 （表程度）
　　错误：He has drunk much too water.
　　正确：He has drunk too much water. 他喝了太多的水。（修饰不可数名词，表数量）
　　四. be famous for 和 be famous as
　　be famous for表示“因……而出名”， for后接表示出名的原因；be famous as则表示“以……身份而著名”，as 后接职业、身份或地位，表示作为……职业、身份或地位是著名的，如：
　　France is famous for its fine food and wine. 法国以其佳肴和美酒著名。
　　France is famous as a romantic country． 法国作为一个浪漫的国家而出名。