英语笔记.doc

分词独立结构
分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。
例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如：Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
Unit 5
1. N/pron. + V-ing/V-en

說　明 此為獨立分詞構句的結構，作為句子的修飾語，常以插入句的形式出現，以逗號與其他句子分開。該名詞/代名詞若為發出動作的主動者，其後接現在分詞；但若為動作的被動接受者，則其後接過去分詞。
例　句 1. Night coming on, birds are flying to their nests. (夜幕低垂，鳥兒歸巢。)
2. Weather permitting, we'll go camping this weekend.
(天氣許可的話，我們這個週末要去露營。)
3. My family consists of six people, my parents included.
(我家由六個人組成，我的父母包括在內。)
______ 1. The boy is looking at the delicious cake, his mouth __________.
(A)is watering (B)waters (C)watering (D)watered
______ 2. His work __________ well, Leo's boss let him take a day off.
(A)done (B)doing (C)was done (D)did

2. It is/was not + A + that + V + so...as + B A沒有像B那麼…

說　明 此句型為強調用法，將要強調的部份置於be動詞與that之間，再加上原級比較否定句型。
例　句 1. Dave doesn't earn so much as his wife.
®It is not Dave that earns so much as his wife.
(Dave賺的沒有他太太那麼多。)
2. Mary doesn't eat so much as you.
®It is not Mary that eats so much as you. (Mary吃得沒有你那麼多。)
3. It was not me that got up so early as you. (我沒有你那麼早起來。)
_____ 1. It is not intellect __________ tells so much as character.
(A)which (B)that (C)who (D)it

3. S1 + wish + (that) + S1/S2 + were/would/should/could/might + V
had (+ not) + V-en

說　明 wish後的that子句為假設語氣，表示與「事實相反」的意願，that通常被省略。表示與現在事實相反，that子句的動詞用were或過去式，表示與過去事實相反，that子句的動詞用過去完成式。
例　句 1. I wish (that) I could speak English as fluently as my mother tongue now.
(現在我要是能把英文說得像母語那麼流利就好了。)
2. I wish I were a millionaire. (我要是個富豪就好了。)
3. Phil wishes he had worked a bit harder when young.
(Phil想，要是年輕時能夠努力一點就好了。)
______ 1. I wish I __________ to the world how few the real wants of humanity are.
(A)can show (B)have shown (C)could show (D)showed
______ 2. I wish I __________ so much time when I was a junior high school student.
(A)didn't waste (B)hadn't wasted (C)won't waste (D)weren't wasting
______ 3. The boy wishes he __________ like a bird.
(A)could fly (B)can fly (C)would fly (D)had flown

4. to the point of 直到…的程度，甚至可以說…

說　明 等於to a degree of。
例　句 1. The man is poor to the point/a degree of going begging.
(這個人窮到要去行乞的地步。)
2. My mother was forgetful to the point/a degree of not remembering her own birthday. (我媽媽健忘到記不得自己的生日。)
3. The King hated his enemies to the point/a degree of wishing them dead.
(國王對他的敵人深惡痛絕，希望他們死掉。)
______ 1. To regret one's errors __________ the point of not repeating them is true repentance.
(A)of (B)by (C)on (D)to
______ 2. Mrs. Lee loved her son __________ a __________ of denying him nothing.
(A)to; degree (B)to; level (C)with; point (D)with; degree

5. be superior to 優於…，比…優秀

說　明 等於be better than，反義為be worse than。
例　句 1. This program is superior to/better than that one. (這個節目比那個好。)
2. Mr. Jefferson's performance was superior to/better than Miss Winfred's.
®Miss Winfred's performance was worse than Mr. Jefferson's.
(Jefferson先生的表現比Winfred小姐的好。)
1. 優於他人，並不崇高。
There is nothing noble in __________ __________ __________ some other man.
2. Mike認為自己比其他人都優秀。
Mike thinks he is __________ __________ everyone else.
→Mike thinks that everyone else is __________ __________ him.

補 充 其他後接to表示比較的形容詞或動詞有：be junior to (比…資淺，年少)、be senior to (比…資深，年長)、prefer A to B (喜歡A甚於B)。
例 句 1. My sister is five years senior to me. (我姊姊比我大五歲。)
2. Joan is junior to her husband by ten years. (Joan比她先生小十歲。)
3. The Huangs preferred rice to bread. (黃家人喜歡米飯甚於麵包。)

6. see somebody through 協助，支持(某人)渡過(難關等)

說　明 等於help/support sb. through。
例　句 1. My good friend will see/help/support me through the crisis.
(我的好友會來助我渡過難關。)
2. Self-confidence saw me through the bad times. (自信支持我渡過困難的時光。)
3. The scholarship is sufficient to see me through my college years.
(獎學金足以讓我唸完大學。)
______ 1. My uncle begged me to lend him a million dollars to __________ him __________ financial difficulties.
(A)see; off (B)allow; over (C)support; over (D)help; through

7. Were it not for..., S + would/should/could/might (not) + V..

說　明 此為省略if的假設句型，原句型為："If + S + were + not + for..., would/should/could/might (not) + V...."，因為略if，故其引導的條件子句用倒裝句。也可以用介系詞片語but for...或without... (見句型10)代替。
例　句 1. If it were not for these big trees, there would be no pleasant shade.
®Were it not for these big trees, there would be no pleasant shade.
(如果沒有這些大樹，我們就沒有涼快的樹蔭。)
2. Were it not for the air, no living thing could survive.
(如果沒有空氣沒有生物可以存活。)
3. Were it not for the sunshine, no plant could grow.
®Without the sunshine, no plant could grow.
®But for the sunshine, no plant could grow.
(如果沒有陽光，沒有植物可以生長。)
______ 1. __________ the darkness of the night, it would be impossible to see how brightly the stars shine in the sky.
(A)Were it not for (B)In spite of(C)Except for (D)If it is not for
______ 2. If it were not for your help, I __________ my work in time.
(A)have finished (B)can't have finished
(C)couldn't finish (D)won't be able to finish

8. without + N, + S + would/should/could/might + V
have + V-en

說　明 此為表示條件，「要是沒有…，就…」的假設語氣用法，主要句與現在事實相反時，用過去式助動詞 + V；與過去事實相反時，則是過去式助動詞 + 完成式。
例　句 1. If there were no water, fish couldn't live at all.
®Without water, fish couldn't live at all. (如果沒有水，魚根本就活不了。)
2. Without constant practice, Sharon couldn't play the piano so skillfully now.
(如果沒有不斷的練習，Sharon現在便無法彈得一手好鋼琴。)
3. If you hadn't given me some advice, I might have made a serious mistake yesterday.
®Without your advice, I might have made a serious mistake yesterday.
(如果你沒有給我一些建議，我昨天可能就犯了嚴重的錯誤。)
______ 1. Without the bitterness of sorrow, appreciating and enjoying the sweetness of joy __________ difficult.
(A)is (B)will be (C)would be (D)were
______ 2. Without good eyesight, I __________ unable to see the bus coming.
(A)were (B)would be (C)have been (D)will be
______ 3. Without our support, Bob __________ the election last year.
(A)wouldn't win (B)didn't win
(C)may not have won (D)might not have won
1-21　獨立分詞構句（absolute participle） 返回

S1＋V-ing (V-en)…, S2＋V…
分詞構句（participle construction）的第二式亦稱獨立分詞構句（absolute participle），能融會貫通，進而能寫出這種簡而有力的句子結構。
重點提示：
1. 分詞構句的動作者和主要子句的動作者（即主詞）要一致。如研習主題 20 之句型。
2. 如果不一致時，則分詞構句之主詞應保留以免錯亂，而形成不連結分詞
（dangling participle）。如研習主題 20 中重點提示 5 之句型。
精選例句：
1. 因為下大雨，所以運動會延期。
It raining hard, the athletic meet was put off.
＝Because it rained hard, the athletic meet was put off.
2. 因為機場被大霧所籠罩，所以飛機盤旋了一個小時。
The airport enveloped in a dense fog, the airplane circled for an hour.
＝Because the airport was enveloped in a dense fog, the airplane circled for an hour.
牛刀小試：
1. ________ and we had no chance of getting it back, so I explained to her that there was no use crying over spilt milk.
(A) The money was stolen　　　　(B) Stealing the money
(C) As the money was stolen　　　(D) The money stolen
2. ________ he had any bad habit, he replied that he was a heavy smoker.
(A) Asked if　　　　　　 　　　 (B) Asking that
(C) If asked　　　　 　　　 　　 (D) His wife if asked
参考答案：1. A　2. A
一、独立分词结构与状语从句

我们都知道，分词是英语里很重要的一种连词成句的手段(其他的手段还有介词和连词)，独立分词结构作为分词的一种特殊结构，在英语造句方面也起着重要作用。对于这一重要造句规则，有很多读者来信提问，他们往往不明白为什么会有独立分词结构这样的造句规则。要回答这个问题，首先，我们要明白，独立分词结构在句中都是用作状语，可以表示各种意义，比如表达时间、原因、让步等等。因此，独立分词结构与状语从句有着密切联系。下面我就通过比较独立分词结构和状语从句，来分析独立分词结构的由来。请比较下面例句：

(1). a. As so many directors were absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

b. So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由as引导的原因状语从句；在b句中，使用的是“名词(so many directors)+分词(being absent)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个原因状语从句。这里名词短语“so many directors”是分词短语的逻辑主语，句子主语是“the board meeting”。这里b句是2000年一道四级考题，原题是“So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off”，四个备选项是：A. were absent, B. being absent, C. been absent, D. had been absent。有读者会问：这里为什么不用谓语动词were absent或had been absent？而要用非谓语动词being absent这样分词形式？这里因为逗号“，”后边已经有了一个完整的陈述句“the board meeting had to be put off”，又因为英语里逗号不能连接两个句子的，所以逗号前面只能是短语的形式，故要用分词短语being absent，而不是谓语were absent或had been absent。以下例句中b句均由于此原因而采用了分词形式。

精品译文：

由于有很多董事缺席，所以董事会只好延期举行。

(2). a. When the machine malfunctioned, the worker called someone to fix it.

b. The machine malfunctioning, the worker called someone to fix it.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由when引导的时间状语从句；在b句中，使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(malfunctioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个时间从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。

精品译文：

机器出故障之后，这位工人找了人来修。

(3). a. Although the machine still functioned, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

b. The machine still functioning, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由although引导的让步状语从句；在b句中，使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(functioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个让步状语从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。

精品译文：

尽管该机器还能运转，但是我们认为它已不适用了。

从以上例句，我们可以看出，独立分词结构与各种状语从句有密切关系，或者可以说，采用分词短语，是简化状语从句的一种手段。

二、独立分词结构的连句功能

当然，分词的连句功能不仅是体现在与状语从句的关系上面，还表现在其他方面，此时分词短语并不对应于某一个状语从句。请看例句：

(4). a. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions. Karen only makes the small ones.

b. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, while Karen only makes the small ones.

c. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, Karen only making the small ones.

妙语点睛：

我们看到，这里a句是两个独立的陈述句，但由于两句在逻辑意思上有对照关系，所以我们可以用连词while连接，于是有了b句。而这种对照关系，我们可以通过分词短语表达出来，所以，我们可以进一步将其改写成c句。我们看到，这里的分词短语并没有对应于某个状语从句。这里，分词短语“Karen only making the small ones”即是一个独立分词结构，其逻辑主语是“Karen”，而句子的主语是“Karen’s boos”。

精品译文：

所有重大决策都是由Karen的老板做出，而Karen只是做一些不重要的决策。

(5). Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects, the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province.

妙语点睛：

这是一篇人物传记里的一段话，是写一名画家的文章。这个句子分为两部分，“Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects”，这是一个简单句，谓语是reflect。另一部分“the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province”，这是一个独立分词结构：逻辑主语是the emphasis，分词being，因为这里逗号不能分割两个独立的句子，所以后边用了being，而不是谓语is。另外，这里emphasis和上文中observations是呼应的，是说在他“考察”Chinese people's lives时，重点是放在the countryside lifestyles of ....。这里独立分词结构表示强调说明。

精品译文：

他大多数作品是反映了他对中国人民生活方方面面的观察，尤其是中国农村生活方式的观察，这包括陕西及云南中滇藏民的生活方式。

以上我们讨论的句子，都是既可以采用分词短语也可以使用独立分句。下面我们来看看有些句子不便用简单陈述句，而要用独立分词结构。

(6). His nose bleeding and his hands shaking, he left the theater.

妙语点睛：

这里独立分词结构“His nose bleeding and his hands shaking”是表示“他”离开剧院时的状态，称之为伴随状语，修饰动词left，即是伴随left同时进行的动作或状态。此时，我们不便将其改成两个独立句子，比如：His nose was bleeding and his hands were shaking. He left the theater.这样一改写，前后两个句子关系非常松散，且不明确。或者我们通过加词这样说：He left the theater like that.当然，这显然没有独立分词结构来得简单、明了。

精品译文：

他离开剧院时，鼻子留着血，双手也在颤抖。

(7). “No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied, his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills.

妙语点睛：

这里独立分词结构“his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills”是表示“他”在回答时的状态，同样是伴随状语，修饰动词replied，即是伴随replied同时进行的动作或状态。此时，我们要想将其改成两个独立句子，此能加一些词这样说：“No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied. His eyes were blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills as he uttered the words.即这里我们加了一个从句“as he uttered the words”才能表达出分词所要传达的伴随逻辑关系。显然，不用分词结构使句子变得复杂。

精品译文：

“不，我不能接受这些工钱”，说这话时，这位苏格兰农夫眨眼看着这些陌生的日元钞票。

综上所述，我们看到，采用独立分词结构，可以使句子变得精炼、紧凑，这也是往往在书面语里多使用分词结构的原因。本期讨论的是“名词+分词”这样的分词结构作状语，上一期讨论的是“with+名词+分词”这样结构作状语。分词作状语还有第三种结构，即直接用分词作状语，分词前面没有名词出现，这是一种更常见的分词结构，我们在下期详细讨论。
独立分词从句
与英语的分词独立结构，用作状语时，可以有自己的主语，这种独立主句的结构。
　　1．1．用法：现在分词、过去分词及复合过去分词均可构成独立分词从句，该从句的主语一般由名词表示，放在分词前。
　　La pluie ne cessant pas (not stopping), il décida de rester à l’hôtel.
　　Les examens terminés (finished), les étudiants sont partis en vacances.
　　Alexandre Dumas ayant dessiné (having drawn) un champignon, le garçon sourit et s’en alla.
　　（复合过去分词中）现在分词étant常被省略：
　　La neige (étant) tombée (having fallen) toute la nuit, la terre devint toute blanche.
　　2．2．职能
　　独立分词从句作主句谓语的状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件等。
　　1）1）表示时间：
　　Le père sorti (having left) , les enfants commencèrent à jouer dans sa chambre.
　　La lettre écrite (written), elle est allée à la poste pour l’envoyer.
　　2）2）表示原因：
　　La nuit tombant (falling), ils ont dû rester dans un petit village.
　　Le chat parti (having left), les souris dansent.
　　3）3）表示条件：
　　Le temps le permettant (permitting), nous ferions une excursion en montagne.
　　Cette erreur évitée (avoided), l’accident ne serait pas arrivé.