专题23-破解高考阅读之判断推理、篇章结构题(解析版)(上海专用).docx

►专题23 破解高考阅读之判断推理、篇章结构题
_________________________________________________________________________________________
考点精 讲

【考情链接】
上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。

【要点梳理】
Ø 要点一：高考阅读之判断推理题

1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可以判断正确答案。
典题（2023崇明一模）
What is your greatest challenge with the English language?
Get in touch with us and help us to understand your difficulty as well as your goals in life.
It is essential that the solution we offer also fits in well with your personality, mindset, objectives with English, your available time to travel, and your family commitments.
Lastly, your holiday in Europe, as well as your experiences with the English language and your travels to different cities, should have that ‘Wow!’ factor that helps you to remember your holiday forever.

62. According to the advertisement, your learning experience with E4P can be ________.
A. funny but thrilling B. objective and relaxing
C. experiential but exhausting D. personalized and unforgettable
【答案】 62. D
【解析】细节推理题。根据文章倒数第五段“It is essential that the solution we offer also fits in well with your personality, mindset, objectives with English, your available time to travel, and your family commitments.（我们提供的解决方案必须符合您的个性、心态、英语目标、您的旅行时间以及您的家庭负担。）”以及倒数第四段最后一句的“helps you to remember your holiday forever.（帮助你永远记住你的假期）”可知，E4P的学习经历是个性化且难忘的。故选D项。

2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。
典题 （2022虹口二模）
Mars, the distant red planet, carries China’s great dream in spaceflight as well as the numerous puzzles of curious people: Why do humans explore Mars? Will humans really emigrate to Mars? What will the everyday life be like on Mars if humans really live there? Shanghai Astronomy launched its original situational exhibition “Living on Mars” — to reveal the secrets of Mars and solve visitors’ puzzles about the life on Mars.
Time: October 15, 2021 to March 2, 2022 (closed on Mondays, except national holidays)
Location: B1 Temporary Exhibition Hall
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EXHIBITION
42. Where can this passage most probably be found?
A. In a travel brochure. B. In a science magazine.
C. On an art show poster. D. On a museum website.
【答案】42. D
【解析】本文是篇应用文，介绍上海天文馆原创情景化展览“火星生活”的时间、地点、亮点等参展信息。
【42题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段的“Shanghai Astronomy launched its original situational exhibition ‘Living on Mars’ — to reveal the secrets of Mars and solve visitors’ puzzles about the life on Mars.”（上海天文馆举行原创情景化展览“火星生活”——揭露火星的秘密，解答关于火星生活的疑惑。）以及后面出现的“Time”“Location”和“HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EXHIBITION”（展览亮点）可知，本文主要介绍的是“火星生活”情景化展览的信息，所以最有可能出现在博物馆的网站上。故选D项。

3．写作意图类推断题
要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。
典题（2023青浦一模）
The UK doesn’t have the best reputation regarding food waste. Luckily, it’s easy to learn how to change these unsustainable habits, so that you can easily reduce unnecessary waste and save a pretty penny.
1. Plan your meals
When you don’t have a clear idea of what you want to eat, it’s easy to pick up more than you need, especially when items are on offer. It might seem like a great short-term option, but it can cause you to spend much more money in the long term, resulting in unnecessary food waste.
Planning your meals for the week in advance can be a great way to avoid this issue altogether. Work out what you plan to eat and when, and how much. Whether you’re shopping online or in- person, you can get only what you need — both saving your money and reducing the potential for food waste.
2. Store your products correctly
There are many tips that can help to keep produce fresh. For example, potatoes, carrots and other root vegetables last longest if they are kept in the dark. Fresh fruit and vegetables, like grapes, shouldn’t be kept with ethylene-producing products (including bananas and apples) as they make other fresh produce ripen and rot more quickly.
You can also find many ways to keep food by using water. For example, store half cut vegetables, such as carrots, potatoes, in water in the fridge, to help them last longer than if they were stored dry.
3. ____________________
Almost three quarters of food wasted could still be eaten, meaning that the food is not spoiled, and is fine for consumption.
Many people aren’t aware “best before” dates are suggestions, rather than rules. In contrast, however, the “use by” date refers to the last date a food is fit for consumption, and should be watched carefully for safety. When it comes to consuming food, use your senses: look at and smell the food. If it smells good and looks fine, the produce is more than likely completely fit to be eaten and enjoyed.
40. The passage is intended to _________.
A. instruct the public to preserve food
B. offer tips on planning meals in advance
C. help people develop some sustainable habits
D. change the UK’s reputation as a big food waster
【答案】40. C
【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要给读者提供了三个建议，帮助大家保持一个可持续的生活习惯，减少食物浪费。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Luckily, it’s easy to learn how to change these unsustainable habits, so that you can easily reduce unnecessary waste and save a pretty penny.(幸运的是，学会如何改变这些不可持续的习惯很容易，这样你就可以很容易地减少不必要的浪费，节省一大笔钱)”和后文小标题“1. Plan your meals(1. 计划你的饮食)”、“2. Store your products correctly(2. 正确存放产品)”可推知，文章主要讲的是改变不可持续习惯的做法，即帮助大家养成可持续的习惯。故选C项。

4．态度倾向类推断题
考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。
典题 （2023黄浦一模）
Dr. Gopnik and many others in the field are confident that they are on a path to building a machine that can do anything the human brain can do. This confidence shines through when they discuss current technologies. He admits that some A.I. researchers “struggle to differentiate between reality and science fiction.” But he believes these researchers still serve a valuable role. “They help us dream of the full range of the possible,” he said.
Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.
46. What’s the author’s attitude towards A.I.?
A. Enthusiastic. B. Opposed. C. Supportive. D. Unconcerned.
【答案】 46. B
【解析】【46题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.(也许是这样。但对我们其他人来说，这些梦想可能会阻碍值得我们关注的问题。)”可知，在作者看来，尽管人工智能可以帮人类实现很多梦想，但同时也可能会阻碍那些值得我们关注的问题，所以对此持反对意见。故选B。

典题 （2023青浦一模）
A database that follows the world’s fossil fuel production, reserves, and release of carbon was launched on Monday. The launch comes out at the same time as two important climate talks happening at the international level. One is the climate talks at the United Nation’s General Assembly in New York which began on September 13 . The other is COP27 in Sharm El Skeikh which began in November. It really matters to environmental sustainability.
........
Until now, there has been private data available for purchase, and research of the world’s fossil fuel usage and reserves. The International Energy Agency also keeps public data on oil, gas, and coal. But it centers on the demand for those fossil fuels. This new database, however, looks at what is yet to be burned. The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release.
46. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the launch of the new database?
A. Positive. B. Flexible. C. Critical. D. Ironical.
【答案】 46. A
【解析】【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“It really matters to environmental sustainability. (这对环境的可持续性非常重要。)”和第三段“The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release.(这些信息可以帮助环保组织向领导人施压，要求他们制定更强有力的政策，减少碳排放。)”可推断，作者对新数据库的启动持积极的态度。故选A。

附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
1. positive 肯定的,积极的
2. passive 被动的，消极的
3. negative 消极的
4. supportive 支持的
5. disapproving 不赞成的
6. critical 批评的
7. conservative 保守的
8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的
9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的
10. subjective 主观的
11. objective 客观的
12. neutral 中立的
13. concerned 关心的，有关的
14. optimistic 乐观的
15. pessimistic 悲观的
16. indifferent 漠不关心的
17. unconcerned 不关心的

Ø 要点二：高考阅读之词义推测题

1．单词或短语意义猜测
(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。
(3)根据同义关系进行猜测。
(4)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。
(5)根据因果关系进行猜测；根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。
(6)根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。

【典例剖析】（2023浦东新区一模）
Redman went to great pains to hide his tree houses, building them in neglected corners of the park and camouflaging them with branches and green paint. Friends used to come to visit him, sometimes as many as 12 people at a time, bringing sandwiches and radios and books and torches.
57. The bold word “camouflaging” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to________.
A. decorating B. hiding C. equipping D. integrating
【答案】 57. B
【57题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Redman went to great pains to hide his tree houses, building them in neglected corners of the park and”以及后文“.......with branches and green paint”可知，雷德曼煞费苦心地隐藏他的树屋，把它们建在公园里被忽视的角落里，用树枝和绿色油漆伪装起来。故画线词意思是“隐
藏”。故选B。

2．句意猜测题
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章理解句意，然后用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
具体技巧如下：
(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句子，首先要理解此句前后的语境，其次对其在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
(2)一般说来，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，但是用其他的英语词汇或句式来表达的。
【典例剖析】（2023奉贤一模）
In 2008, I went to Los Angeles where I tried to get hired as an agent, an analyst and a financial broker. Unfortunately, all these doors slammed in my face. The world’s economy was in a bad state, so I knew I would have to do a little spinning of my own.
37. By saying “do a little spinning of my own” in the second paragraph, the author probably means he would_____________.
A. look for a part-time job independently B. make his contributions to the economy
C. give in to the disappointing reality D. be self-employed to develop his career
【答案】 37. D
【解析】
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段中“In 2008, I went to Los Angeles where I tried to get hired as an agent, an analyst and a financial broker. Unfortunately, all these doors slammed in my face.(2008年，我去了洛杉矶，试图在那里找到一份代理、分析师和金融经纪人的工作。不幸的是，这些门都在我面前关上了)”可知，当时世界经济状况很糟糕，所以作者要自主创业来发展自己的事业。由此推知，划线部分意思是“自主创业来发展自己的事业”。故选D。

Ø 要点三：高考阅读之篇章结构题
Ø 篇章结构题
对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：
The sentence in paragraph means _______.;
The example of in para.is used to illustrate/show______ .
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
【典例】
The so-called ‘Fast fashion’ is having a surprising environmental impact. ‘Take water. The fashion industry, one of the world’s largest users of water, consumes anywhere from 20 trillion to 200 trillion litres every year. ‘Then there are microplastics. Plastic fibres are released when we wash polyester (聚酯纤维) and other polymer-based textiles, and make up between 20% and 35% of themicro plastics choking the oceans. Added to this are specific chemicals, such as those used to make fabrics stain resistant and the pesticides required to protect crops such as cotton.
28. Why does the author mention “water”, “microplastics” and “chemicals” in Paragraph 2?
A. To list examples.
B. To prove a point.
C. To provide an idea.
D. To give a definition.
【答案】28. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了所谓的“快时尚”潮流所带来的环境危害，以及研究人员为了避免环境危害所进行的努力措施。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“The so-called ‘Fast fashion’ is having a surprising environmental impact.(所谓的“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响)”和“The fashion industry, one of the world’s largest users of water, consumes anywhere from 20 trillion to 200 trillion litres every year. Then there are microplastics. Plastic fibres are released when we wash polyester (聚酯纤维) and other polymer-based textiles, and make up between 20% and 35% of themicro plastics choking the oceans. Added to this are specific chemicals, such as those used to make fabrics stain resistant and the pesticides required to protect crops such as cotton.(时装业是世界上用水最多的行业之一，每年的用水量在20万亿到200万亿升之间。还有微塑料。当我们清洗聚酯纤维和其他基于聚合物的纺织品时，塑料纤维被释放出来，构成了阻塞海洋的20%到35%的微塑料。除此之外，还有一些特殊的化学物质，比如用来使织物耐污的化学物质，以及保护棉花等作物所需的农药)”可知，作者在第二段中提到“水”、“微塑料”和“化学品”的目的是为了证明一个观点，也就是“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响。故选B。
【典例】
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

【答案】C
【解析】 篇章结构题。根据第四段“Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.”中的“equally important”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
_____

优选操 练

【真题回顾】
【例1】
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是