高考英语写作教案.doc

高考英语写作教案第一模块： 如何开头？（一） 记述文，议论文的常见开头方法1 开门见山，揭示主题：文章一开始，就交代文章的主题是什么？如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头可以写成：I spent my holiday in Shenzhen happily. There I had much to do including reading, traveling and going to the cinema. Everything I did was unforgettable.Now I am eager to share some experiences with you.2 元素组成：交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的开头可以写成：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3 回忆性的开头：用回忆的方法来开头例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain(泰山游)的开头是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday. What makes it unforgettable is its beautiful scenery and the friendly local pwople. 4概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5 介绍环境式的开头：即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头可以写成:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6 交待写作目的的开头：在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 Pollution Control (控制污染)的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.7 提问的形式，引人入胜：在文章的开头，可以采用提问的形式，既可以使主旨鲜明，又可以引发阅读者的思考；如，在写 ”保护环境”这个话题的时候，可以这样开头：Have you ever noticed that the weather is getting hotter? Have you ever realized that the stars is harder to be seen? Believe it or not, our environment has been seriously polluted. It is time for us to take some actions.8 借用名言或者故事或者数据开头：（二） 书信的开头 英文书信的开头一般采用开门见山的方法，主要的书信开头语句有： Your letter came to me this morning/ yesterday. I have received your letter of July 1st I am writing to you about . I am writing to ask you if you can come next week. Thank you for your letter. In reply to to your letter about your asking for leave Let me tell you that第二模块： 如何写主体A 段落杀手锏一、举实例 ：To take as an example, One example is, Another example is, for example/instance 二、做比较 : ： 这个对 compare and contrast 题型很有用 方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的； 相似的比较： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with , 三、换言之 ：如：I love you!= I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. =I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. B 句子写法一、 长短句原则 英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二、 主题句原则 2.1主题句作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。2.2主题句的形式主题句通常有以下2种形式：1）肯定句（Affirmative Sentence）Example： The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before.2）反诘句（Rhetorical Sentence）Example： How do you think people will solve the problem of wildlife protection？初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。2.3主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：1）段首（At the beginning）主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。2）段末（At the end）：用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。3）段中（In the middle）：有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。4）隐含（Implied）有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。三、 一二三原则 ：结构清楚，条理自然。 四、 短语优先原则 比如： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 五、 多实少虚原则 ：比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room ;小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 六、 多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 2）转折（拐弯抹角） 3）因果（so, so, so） 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 5）附加（多此一举） 如：6）排比（排山倒海句） Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏） 七、 挑战极限原则 在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。 何谓独立主格结构？它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。1 独立主格句子的主语与另一句子中的主语是不同的。2 独立主格句必须有一个分词结构的动词。3 独立主格句一般可以和状语从句互换。(要注意逻辑，时态)第三模块：如何写结尾文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：1、首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her”的结尾：After her death，I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away，but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2、重复主题句：结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”（我爱家乡）的结尾：I love my home town，and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3、自然结尾：随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”（钓鱼）的结尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours，but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing，we lay down on the river bank，bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.4、含蓄性的结尾：用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”（收割的日子）的结尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat，but on every face there was a smile.5、用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework？” 的结尾。Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree，boys and girls？6、指明方向，激励读者：结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”（让我们参加体育运动）的结尾：As we have said above，sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.7 作出结论或提出建议：如：In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.8 引用谚语或名言等总结全文，简洁有力。如：If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. God helps those who help themselves.英语作文中常用的句型 用于文章的开头1. As the proverb says2. It goes without saying tan 3. Generally speaking4. It is quite clear than because 5. It is often said that 6. Many people often ask such question:“？”7. More and more people have come to realize 8. There is no doubt that9. Some people believe that 10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?11. One great man said that 12. Recently the issue of has been brought to public attention. 13. In the past several years there has been 14. Now it is commonly held that but I doubt whether15. Currently there is a widespread concern that 16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of 18. Faced with, quite a few people argue that, but other people conceive differently.19 There is no possibility of doing sth20 It is widely accepted that.21 Whenever I hear/think of/see/ meet with , I cannot but feel excited/sad/nervous/frightened/surprised 每当我听到/想到/看到/遭遇我忍不住感到.22 An old saying goes.俗话说得好23 With the(rapidly)growing popularity /growth /development of24 Currently, there is a widespread concern over.25 Different people have different attitudes towards . Some are in favor of .while others are against .26 When it comes tomost people believe that.; but other people argue that.用于文章的结尾1. from this point of view2. in a word3. in conclusion4. on account of this we can find that5. the result is dependent on6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7. thus, this is the reason why we must8. to sum up 9. as far asbe concerned, I believe that10. It is obvious that 11. There is little doubt that 12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of , but might be helpful 13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way. 14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on 15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that16 If one can really put the three points into action (practice), 17 By doing these simple things, we surely can .18 In this way, I believe (that)子句19 Only by living up to the three requirements, can we .只有符合这三个要求，我们才能20 For these reasons, I . 由于这些理由我信件结尾常用语 Please remember me to your whole family. Give my best regards (wishes) to your mother. Best wishes. With love. Wish you a pleasant journey. Wish you success. Wish you the best of health. (luck) Looking forward to your next visit to China. Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you. Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible. A表示递进 and ,and then, also, besides, in addition, moreover, one more, once more, and moreover（再者）, whats more，even, what was worse B表示转折 but ,however, yet, and yet, although, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwiseC表示结果 so, therefore, thus, as a result, luckily ,unfortunately, because of, seeing that D表示时间 now, then, afterwards, later, soon, before long, after that, shortly after that, soon after that, up till now, just now, just then, five minutes later, so far ,to this day此外,以下几种也常用作连接词或过渡词：a表示例举、说明：for example ,for instance, such as, that is to say, actually, according to this, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, and so on, in additionb表示时间、动作过程或时间顺序：first , firstly, first of all ,second, secondly, far , above, below, near, beside, to the right, on one sidec表示比较、对比：just like, just as , in the same way, on the contrary, on the other hands, more or less, sooner or later , similarlyd表示强调：above all, after all, at least, at most, indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, without any delay, of coursee表示结论：finally, at last ,in the end , in a word, in general , generally speaking, in short, as you know, in conclusion练习题：将下面的句子组合成长句。1 I love this cat. She is white and black. 2 My mother is talking to a young man. The young man wears red coat. They are talking about the earthquake.3 The man was very sad. A bad news about his son came to him.4 He came up with an good idea. He thought that he could ask Mary to teach him English. Mary was expert at English.5 The poet is about love. It is specially written for her. It touches everyone.6 We go to the cinema .It is a praise for our good performance in school. My parents go with us. We all are excited about it.练习题：找出下面的主题句（1）But no matter what it is called， all polyester（伸缩尼龙） has certain good points. It does not wrinkle easily. It dries quickly after it is washed. It holds its shape. It is strong and keeps its colors well.Topic Sentence：_Position：_（2）Black is the colour of mourning. Red symbolizes danger，violence，or bloodshed. If you are afraid， you are yellow. None of these sayings is true outside the English speaking world. In China and Korea， white is the color of mourning. In Russia red stands for beauty and life. In Italy and Germany you are yellow with anger，not with fear.Topic Sentence：_Position：_（3）Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes，rivers， and reservoirs. Recently， however， we have discovered anew source， aquifers， which are rock formations containing water.Even under deserts， vast aquifers may be waiting to be tapped.Companies drilling for oil in the Middle East have sometimes struck aquifers， which provide unexpected water supplies for arid regions.Topic Sentence：_Position：_（4）Suppose youre playing a game. You make a silly mistake and lose. Do you become angry？ Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time？ Suppose you are at a special dinner.You accidentally spill some food.Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look？Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself anyway？If you can， its good sign youve really grown up.Topic Sentence：_Position：_（5）Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends. The girls think of the flowers as a proof of true love.Mountain climbers， guides， and hunters pick edelweiss too.They wear it on their hats. To them it is a sign of courage and daring.Topic Sentence：_Position：_练习题：请用短语转换下面的句子。1 My study becomes well. 2 I work hard. 3 I like reading. 4 I learn Maths well. 5 I enjoy playing basketball more. 6 There is no food left. 7 I recognized him at the street.练习题：把下面的句子变具体。1 It is very important to protect the environment.2 I am excited.3 The sky is beautiful.4 Mary looks different today.5 The food is awful.常用的proverbs主要有：1 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成2 Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人3 Time waits for no one. 时不待我。4. One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。11.More hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。12.Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。 15.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。16.Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。17.Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。18.well begun,half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。19.It is hard to please all. 众口难调。20.Out of sight,out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。21.Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。22.Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。23.First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。24.Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。25.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。26.live not to eat,but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。27.Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。28.East or west,home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。29.Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。30.Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。31.Like and like make good frien