独立主格(Students).doc

独立主格（nominative absolute）：实际上就是有自己主语的无动词分句。

判断下列句子中划线部分是否独立主格：
The man lay on the ground, knocked out by the bandit.
Weather permitting, we will go for picnic.
The boys and girls were very happy, singing and dancing.

独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，它独立存在。
2）没有谓语动词
3）独立主格在句中表原因，条件，时间和伴随等。

形式：
★名词/代词+分词（现在分词、过去分词）
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. (相当于Her work was done, so she sat down for a cup of tea)
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. (相当于When winter comes, it gets colder and colder)

★名词/代词+形容词
The condition favorable, he may succeed. (相当于If the condition is favorable, he may succeed)

★名词/代词+副词；
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. (相当于As nobody stays in, the thief took a lot of things away.)

★名词/代词+名词
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. (相当于He fought the wolf, using a stick as his only weapon)

★名词/代词+不定式；
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. (相当于We divided the work, he was to clean the windows and I was to sweep the floor.)

★名词/代词 +介词短语。
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. (相当于He sat at the table, put his coat off, bend down his head and his pen was in his hand注意变成独立主格，物主代词可以去掉)

使用独立主格6点注意：
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换：当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.

2. 表语成分有两种改法，一种是把系动词be改为being（也就是名词/代词+现在分词），一种是去掉be（it做主语和there be句型除外），变成名词/代词+名词，或名词/代词+形容词的形式。

3.在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的be不能省略。
　　(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.

4.独立主格中作主语的名词词组有时可以省略物主代词。
The manager sat in the office, (his) eyes closed.
如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.

5.独立主格可以变成with/without结构
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. →He fought the wolf, with a as his only weapon.
Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window.→Anyone not noticing, I slipped through the window.
6. 和分词作状语一样，独立主格中的过去分词（及物动词）一般表示被动和动作完成；现在分词表示主动。现在分词的完成体having done, 和进行体being doing也能用于独立主格，作用和其作为状语的时候一样.

Exercise:
1. Combine the following four sentences into one, using nominative absolute.
Diana stood motionless at the end of the river.
Her hands were at her sides.
He heels were slighted raised.
Every muscle anticipated action.

2. Use nominative absolute and participle to rewrite the sentence.
After he finished his homework, Jim decided to go and see the play.

3. Use nominative absolute to rewrite the sentences.
(1) Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.
(2) If weather permits, the cricket match will be played on Wednesday.
(3) He entered upon the new enterprise cautiously, his eyes were wide-open.
(4) After all things were considered, I think I ought to award the job to Smith.

4. Use nominative absolute to join the sentences in each group.
a. The children watched the buses passing through the village.
Their eyes were bright and eager.
b. We have considered everything.
Her plan seems more practicable.
2