咖啡农校园艺.pptx

Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityTwo Types of CoffeeAbout 90 Coffea spp in AfricaAbout 90 Coffea spp in African nArabicaArabica,C.arabicaC.arabican nTetraploid,self fertileTetraploid,self fertilen nEthiopia highlands Ethiopia highlands 1600m1600m 15-24C15-24C 1300 mm1300 mmn nBest qualityBest qualityn nSusceptible to rustSusceptible to rustn nRobustaRobusta,C.canephoraC.canephoran nDiploid,self incompatibleDiploid,self incompatiblen nRain forest of Congo basin Rain forest of Congo basin 750m750m 24-30C24-30C 1550 mm1550 mmn nLess flavor,acidityLess flavor,acidityn nResistant to rustResistant to rustTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityTwo Types of CoffeeAbout 90 Coffea spp in AfricaAbout 90 Coffea spp in African nArabica,C.arabican nMedium size tree Medium size tree 14-20 tall14-20 talln nMedium vigor Medium vigor n nLeavesLeaves SmallerSmaller ThinnerThinnern nSeedlings uniformSeedlings uniformn nRobusta,C.canephoran nMedium to large tree Medium to large tree Up to 32 tallUp to 32 talln nVigorousVigorousn nLeavesLeaves LargerLarger ThickerThickern nSeedlings variableSeedlings variableTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityDistribution of Cultivated CoffeeAmsterdamPariscanephoraarabicaYemen1710172516901700JavaMartinique1900Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Production and YieldAfricaAfricaC.AmerC.AmerS.AmericaS.AmericaAsiaAsiaTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityWorld Coffee Productionn nBrazilBrazil 21.1%,arabica21.1%,arabica Only country with frost possibility in coffee Only country with frost possibility in coffee zonezonen nColombiaColombia 13.9%,arabica13.9%,arabican nIndonesia Indonesia 7.3%,robusta7.3%,robustan nOther important producing countriesOther important producing countries Vietnam,Mexico,Ethiopia,India,Vietnam,Mexico,Ethiopia,India,Guatemala,Ivory Coast,UgandaGuatemala,Ivory Coast,Uganda1996 data from Wilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,and Tea.CABI Publishing.Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityMajor Consumersn nHigh proportion imported by developed countriesUSAUSA23%23%EECEEC39%39%Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityThe Seed of the Fruit is the Economic PartA Drupe like a PeachA Drupe like a Peachn nBoth begin bearing in Both begin bearing in 3-4 years3-4 yearsn nTime to mature fruitTime to mature fruit Arabica,7-8 monthsArabica,7-8 months Robusta,11-12 monthsRobusta,11-12 monthsn nProductive for 20-30 Productive for 20-30 yearsyearsn nBoth need pruning for Both need pruning for best productionbest productionTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityThe Coffee Fruit is called a Cherryn nExocarpRed skinRed skinn nMesocarpSweet pulpSweet pulpn nEndocarp,hullTesta Testa(silvery)(silvery)Bean Bean(embryo and(embryo and cotyledons)cotyledons)Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityThe Coffee Fruit is called a Cherryn nExocarpRed skinRed skinn nMesocarpSweet pulpSweet pulpn nEndocarp,hullTesta Testa(silvery)(silvery)Bean Bean(embryo and(embryo and cotyledons)cotyledons)Parchment coffee is the Parchment coffee is the bean,testa,endocarpbean,testa,endocarpFrom Wilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,and Tea,CABI Publishing.Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Tree Growth Cyclen nDry and/or cool seasonDry and/or cool season Floral initiationFloral initiation Reduced vegetative growthReduced vegetative growthn nWet seasonWet season Flowers open,fruit set and begin Flowers open,fruit set and begin developmentdevelopment Active vegetative growthActive vegetative growthn nDry and/or cool seasonDry and/or cool season Fruit ripenFruit ripen Flower buds initiateFlower buds initiate Reduced vegetative growthReduced vegetative growthTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Tree Growth Habitn nOrthotropic stemOrthotropic stem Erect growthErect growthn nPlagiotropic stemsPlagiotropic stems Horizontal secondary Horizontal secondary stems growing off of stems growing off of orthotropic stemsorthotropic stems These are the fruiting These are the fruiting woodwoodTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Farmersn nGrown under many conditionsPlantations and smaller farmersPlantations and smaller farmersUnder shade and in full sunUnder shade and in full sunMonoculture and mixed farming Monoculture and mixed farming systemssystemsTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Productionn nPropagationFor arabica For arabica n nMost is done by seedMost is done by seedClonal propagation Clonal propagation n nHybridsHybridsn nRobusta typesRobusta typesTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Productionn nPlantingPlanting Slightly acid(pH 5.2 to 6.3)well drained soilSlightly acid(pH 5.2 to 6.3)well drained soil Beginning of wet seasonBeginning of wet season Vertical position or 30 angleVertical position or 30 anglen nSpacingSpacing-need light for fruit ripening-need light for fruit ripening Arabica,1350 trees/haArabica,1350 trees/ha Robusta,900-1000 trees/haRobusta,900-1000 trees/han nTime to fruitingTime to fruiting Take 3-4 years to obtain mature plantTake 3-4 years to obtain mature plant Fruit on year old woodFruit on year old woodTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityShade and Coffee Productionn nBoth species are understorey trees Well adapted to shadeWell adapted to shadeInitially coffee was planted under Initially coffee was planted under shadeshadeSmall holders may use mixed farmingSmall holders may use mixed farmingn nLater unshaded plants were shown to produce higher yieldsTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityShade and Coffee ProductionData from Wilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,and Tea,Figure 6.4.Conclusion:High input system-better with fertilizerLow input system-not as essentialTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityCoffee Productionn nTraining/Pruning objectivesMaximize#plagiotrophic stems Maximize#plagiotrophic stems(fruiting wood)(fruiting wood)Shape trees Shape trees n nMaximize use of space Maximize use of space n nEase of managementEase of managementMaintain open tree to allow good light Maintain open tree to allow good light penetrationpenetrationMinimize biennial bearingMinimize biennial bearingRemove diseased and dead woodRemove diseased and dead woodTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversitySingle Stem Training(Central leader)(Central leader)n nCut back orthotropic stemCut back orthotropic stem Encourages plagiotropic Encourages plagiotropic stem formationstem formationn nRepeat for 3-5 yearsRepeat for 3-5 years With each cycle the tree gets With each cycle the tree gets biggerbigger Lower limbs die due to lack Lower limbs die due to lack of lightof lightn nRejuvenate after 3-5 yearsRejuvenate after 3-5 years To reduce size of treeTo reduce size of tree Cut back to 40-50 cm heightCut back to 40-50 cm heightTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversitySingle Stem Training(Central leader)(Central leader)n nCut back orthotropic stemCut back orthotropic stem Encourages plagiotropic Encourages plagiotropic stem formationstem formation Select one orthotropic as Select one orthotropic as new leadernew leadern nRepeat for 3-5 yearsRepeat for 3-5 years With each cycle the tree gets With each cycle the tree gets biggerbigger Lower limbs die due to lack Lower limbs die due to lack of lightof lightn nRejuvenate after 3-5 yearsRejuvenate after 3-5 years To reduce size of treeTo reduce size of tree Cut back to 40-50 cm heightCut back to 40-50 cm heightTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversitySingle Stem Training(Central leader)(Central leader)n nCut back orthotropic stemCut back orthotropic stem Encourages plagiotropic Encourages plagiotropic stem formationstem formation Select one orthotropic as Select one orthotropic as new leadernew leadern nRepeat for 3-5 yearsRepeat for 3-5 years With each cycle the tree gets With each cycle the tree gets biggerbigger Lower limbs die due to lack Lower limbs die due to lack of lightof lightn nRejuvenate after 3-5 yearsRejuvenate after 3-5 years To reduce size of treeTo reduce size of tree Cut back to 40-50 cm heightCut back to 40-50 cm heightTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityMultiple Stem Training(Modified Central Leader)(Modified Central Leader)n nLeave 2-8 orthotropic stemsLeave 2-8 orthotropic stemsn nPruningPruning Cut back(or bend)orthotropic Cut back(or bend)orthotropic stemstemn nEncourages orthotropic Encourages orthotropic stem formationstem formationn nSelect several orthotropic Select several orthotropic stems to be new leadersstems to be new leaders Eliminate growth in center of Eliminate growth in center of treetreeTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityMultiple Stem Training(Modified Central Leader)(Modified Central Leader)n nLeave 2-8 orthotropic stemsLeave 2-8 orthotropic stemsn nPruningPruning Eliminate growth in center Eliminate growth in center of treeof tree Continues growing tallerContinues growing taller Cropping area moves higherCropping area moves higherTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityMultiple Stem Training(Modified Central Leader)(Modified Central Leader)n nLeave 2-8 orthotropic Leave 2-8 orthotropic stemsstemsn nPruningPruning Cut out wood in centerCut out wood in center Continues growing tallerContinues growing taller Cropping area moves Cropping area moves higherhighern nRejuvenation every 4-6 Rejuvenation every 4-6 yearsyears Need to lower fruiting Need to lower fruiting surfacesurface Allow basal suckers to Allow basal suckers to growgrowTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityMultiple Stem Training(Modified Central Leader)(Modified Central Leader)n nRejuvenation every 4-6 Rejuvenation every 4-6 yearsyears Allow suckers to growAllow suckers to grown nRemove old branchesRemove old branches Stump with“lung”Stump with“lung”n nOnce suckers begin to Once suckers begin to grow remove“lung”grow remove“lung”Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityHarvestn nMost done by handMost done by hand Ripe berries onlyRipe berries onlyn nPick every 8-10 daysPick every 8-10 days In Brazil,allow cherries In Brazil,allow cherries to dry on treeto dry on treen nMachine harvest in Machine harvest in BrazilBrazil Oscillating fingersOscillating fingers 7-9%immature fruit7-9%immature fruitFrom Wilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,and Tea,CABI Publishing.Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityDisease and Pests Problemsn nLosses due to diseasesLosses due to diseases AfricaAfrica15%15%AsiaAsia10%10%S.Am.S.Am.12%12%n nCoffee rust Coffee rust(Hemeleia vastatrixHemeleia vastatrix)HistoryHistoryn nFirst in Sri Lanka in 1880First in Sri Lanka in 1880n nNow throughout worldNow throughout world ControlControln nRobusta/hybrids resistantRobusta/hybrids resistantn nLess serious above 1700 mLess serious above 1700 mn nCu fungicidesCu fungicidesn nCoffee Berry Disease Coffee Berry Disease(Colletotrichum)(Colletotrichum)Cause berry rotCause berry rotTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityDisease and Pests Problemsn nInsert Fig Insert Fig 8.4,p 878.4,p 87n nLosses due to pestsLosses due to pests AfricaAfrica20%20%AsiaAsia15%15%S.Am.S.Am.15%15%n nCoffee Berry BorerCoffee Berry Borer HistoryHistoryn nOriginate in AfricaOriginate in African nNow throughout worldNow throughout world DamageDamagen nLarvae feed on beanLarvae feed on bean ControlControln nBerry removalBerry removaln nChemicalsChemicalsn nIPMIPMn nMonkeys,birdsMonkeys,birdsFrom Wilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,and Tea,CABI Publishing.Coffee ProcessingBean Processing done on the FarmTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityWet Methodn nStart on Harvest DaySeparate trash and defective berries Separate trash and defective berries by flotationby flotationGood berries are depulped same dayGood berries are depulped same dayn nFermentation Only to remove mucilaginous Only to remove mucilaginous coveringcoveringExcessive heat destroys flavorExcessive heat destroys flavorTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityWet Methodn nWashedWater under pressureWater under pressuren nDried-spread out to dry Sun SunArtificial heatArtificial heatn nBest quality Gives coffee that is cleaner,Gives coffee that is cleaner,brighter,fruitier,better aciditybrighter,fruitier,better acidityTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityDry Method(Natural Method)(Most traditional and least expensive)(Most traditional and least expensive)n nDrying Drying(Indonesia,Ethiopia,Brazil,Yemen)(Indonesia,Ethiopia,Brazil,Yemen)Initial drying done on trees Initial drying done on trees Spread on concrete,tile or matted Spread on concrete,tile or matted surfacesurfacen n2”thick and constantly raked 2”thick and constantly raked n n3-15 days until specific moisture3-15 days until specific moisturen nPergamino is dry and crumblyPergamino is dry and crumblyTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityDry Method(Most traditional and least expensive)(Most traditional and least expensive)n nRemove pericarpRemove pericarp Mortar and pestle or machineMortar and pestle or machinen nChaff removed via winnowing and pickingChaff removed via winnowing and pickingn nSorted by size,shape,density and colorSorted by size,shape,density and colorn nPacked in 60 kg bags for processingPacked in 60 kg bags for processingTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityIndustrial Processing(Usually by importing company)(Usually by importing company)n nGrading processGrading process Redry and clean the parchment beans before usingRedry and clean the parchment beans before using Remove testa(hulling and polishing)Remove testa(hulling and polishing)Sort on size and densitySort on size and densityn nRoasting(370F to 540F)Roasting(370F to 540F)Removes moistureRemoves moisturen nLight roast lose 3-5%moistureLight roast lose 3-5%moisturen nDark roast lose 8-14%moistureDark roast lose 8-14%moisture Time(up to 30 min)determines flavorTime(up to 30 min)determines flavorn nDecreasing the amount ofDecreasing the amount of Chlorogenic acidChlorogenic acid TrigonellineTrigonellinen nGrindingGrindingTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityIndustrial Processing(Usually by importing company)(Usually by importing company)n nCaffeine ReductionCaffeine Reduction Add water to beansAdd water to beans Extract withExtract withn nMethylene chloride and ethyl acetateMethylene chloride and ethyl acetaten nResidual solvent removed via low level Residual solvent removed via low level steam dryingsteam drying Caffeine can be recovered with Caffeine can be recovered with water extraction of organic solventwater extraction of organic solventTropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityIndustrial Processing(Usually by importing company)(Usually by importing company)n nOnce ground the beans lose flavor Once ground the beans lose flavor rapidlyrapidlyn nGrindingGrinding Coarse to medium(600-1100 m)Coarse to medium(600-1100 m)n nHome percolatorsHome percolators Fine grinds(Automatic percolators)Fine grinds(Automatic percolators)n nEurope(400-500 Europe(400-500 m)m)n nUSA(600-700 m)USA(600-700 m)Tropical Horticulture-Texas A&M UniversityIndustrial Processing(Usually by importing company)(Usually by importing company)n nInstant CoffeeInstant Coffee Extract soluble solids,volatile ar