阅读理解中的思维障碍.doc

英语阅读理解题中的思维障碍
一、主题句、标题、主旨大意
A．太笼统、缺乏针对性
主题句、标题、主旨大意要求准确性、概括性和针对性极强，然而有些学生由于对于这类阅的特点理解不透，造成所选的答案十分笼统，缺乏针对性。
例文：
There are two kinds of memory: short-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be remembered at a later time when it is needed. On the contrary, information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds. The following experiment shows how short-term memory has been studied.
Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 college students. They showed all levels of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced and native-speaking students.
To begin, students listened to a recording of a native speaker, reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, students took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Some questions had four choices that sound alike. Some questions had four choices that have the same meaning: method, way, manner and system would be four words with the same meaning. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency(熟练程度)test.
Henning found the students with a lower proficiency in English made more mistakes in words that sound alike: students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes in words that have the same meaning,. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of the words in their short-term memory, and advanced students hold the meaning of words in their long-term memory.
Question: The text mainly tells us about
A．long-term memory B．two kinds of memory
C．short-term memory D．an experiment on students
B．以偏概全
主题句、标题和主旨大意是针对着全篇，而不是针对某段或者文中的某个方面；可是有的学生在做这类题时把思维集中在某一段落或者集中于文中的某点，往往导致他们犯下以偏概全的错误：
例文：
Skin is the name for the special covering on our bodies. It comes in colors such as black, brown, white, yellow and red. However, the color of skin is not important. All skin has one important job: to protect what is inside our bodies. With careful treatment, your skin will continue to help protect you and your body for a long time.
Skin has two parts. The top part, which can be seen, is called the epidermis(表皮): It is a very thin layer of dead skin. The body replaces this layer all the time. People lose about twenty kilos of skin in their life.
The inner layer of skin is called the dermis(真皮). The skin in this layer is living. The dermis makes new skin for the epidermis. In addition, the dermis has tiny oil glands(腺). The oil glands are important because they produce oil that helps keep our skin soft. The dermis is also important because it allows our body to lose some of its heat. In this way, our body does not get too hot.
Question: A good title for this article is .
A．Functions of Oil Glands B．Human Skin
C．Skin Color D．Differences between Epidermis and Dermis

C．分不清现象与实质
在选择主题名、标题、主旨大意时，不能为表面现象所迷惑，必须看清该段文章的实质。
例文：
Why do women live an average(平均) of nine years longer than men? That’s the question Professor Laura Sandman set out to discover among 4.000 people living in the Los Angeles area.
Sandman, now working at the University of California at Berkeley, found the risk factors(要素，因素)
or bad habits thought to lead to an early death were far more prevalent(普遍的) among women than men. High risk factors for women included smoking, physical inactivity and few contacts(接触，交往) with friends or relatives. Much the same factors for men were drinking, cigarette smoking and not being married.
The conclusion is that women are indeed more biologically fit than men simply as a result of hormonal(荷尔蒙) differences. Says Sandman, “Women have lower death rates(比率) in almost every country, at almost every age, and for most causes of death.”
Question: The best title for this article is .
A．A Special Hormone B．Woman Live Longer Than Men
C．Reasons For Longer Life D．Why Women Live A Longer Life

D．偏离主线
每篇文章都有它内在的主线，其他部分都是围绕这一主线而叙述的。主题句、标题、主旨大意是该篇文章最精炼的概括，因此这类选择答案对文章的主线依附性极强，不能偏离。如果稍有偏高，均属不正确。
例文：
Most dog owners feel that their dogs are their best friends. Almost everyone likes dogs because they try hard to please their owner. One of my favorite stories is about a dog who wanted his owner to please him.
One of my friends has a large German shepherd named Jack. These dogs are often very bright. Every Sunday afternoon, my friend takes Jack for a walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.
One Sunday afternoon, a young man came to visit my friend. He stayed a long time, and he talked constantly. Soon, it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor did not leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park. He walked around the room several times and sat down directly in front of the visitor and looked at him, but the visitor paid no attention. He continued talking. Finally, Jack couldn’t stand it any longer.
He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man’s hat in his mouth.
German shepherds aren’t the only bright dogs. Another bright dog is a Seeing Eye dog. This is a special dog which helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs Seeing Eye dogs because they are the “eyes” of the blind people and they help them “see”. Seeing Eye dogs generally go to special schools for several years to learn to help blind people.
Question: Which of the following titles would be the most suitable for this passage?
A．Dogs-A Great Help to People B．Dogs-Our Faithful Companions
C．An introduction to Dogs D．Famous Dogs in Germany

二、猜测生词、短语、词组
A． 脱离语境
高考属于择优性考试，允许出现 1—2%不注明汉语词义的生词或短语。这为考生在做阅读理解题时造成了一些困难，有的考生往往被一两个生词或短语搞得心烦意乱。因此影响阅读速度和理解正确率的最大障碍莫过于生词，在历届高考的阅读理解中，都把猜测生词词义作为考生应掌握的一项阅读技巧列入试题，对考生这方面的能力进行直接 的考核，有一部分常用的词汇在特定的上下文中或专业性文章中，具有特殊的或专门的词义，因此在理解生词词义时不能离开特定的语言环境。
例文：
Twenty-four primary school children were killed and another seventy-four wounded in Lincang County when a crowd, rushing forward, led to a pile-up of 200 fallen students on Monday. The accident struck when more than 1,000 students were rushing to attend a flag-raising ceremony in the school’s front yard through a 2.9-metre-wide passageway and staircase at the Nanping Primary School，the report said. The first students were knocked down the stairs, leading to more students falling and being trampled(=footed on), according to the newspaper.
Question: The underlined word “ceremony” in this passage is closest in meaning to “ ”
A．gathering B．procession C．celebration D．show

B．望文生义
所谓望文生义是指有的学生在理解生词或者新的短语、词组时，受到原有词的影响，或者根据原来的词义理解新的，变化了的词组和短语。
例文：
Moving pictures and television can be used to train animals. Some animals such as monkeys and foxes, are easy to film. All you have to do is to make a trail in front of the camera, by dragging something that smells good to the animals over the ground. Big animals, such as lions and tigers. can be photographed as they bound happily back to their families and dinner if a movie actor is nearby, the well-trained animal will pay no attention to him. However, the audience may imagine that the actor escaped a terrible death by the skin of his teeth(勉强).
Question: What does “make a trail” mean here in the last paragraph?
A．place something to attract the animal B．give the animal a certain task
C．order the animal to do things D．follow the animals trails

三、辨认事实
不善于辨认正确选项与干扰选项之间的区别和差异。
为了检验考生对文章理解的深度，在阅读测试中往往针对文章中某个或某些特定的细节而设计试题，这类试题在每年的高考中出现的数量较大。由于这些细节都是文中存在事实。一般地讲，辨认事实题是可以直接从文章中找到答案的。
例文：
Lakeland, Florida April 29-Two cars fell to the bottom of a 30-foot sinkhole(灰岩坑) that appeared so suddenly that the drivers could not avoid it.
No one was hurt, but the incident was the fifteenth of its kind reported in this area so far this year.
At a town 13 miles from Lakeland, two bedrooms of one house dropped into a hole 60 feet across and 35 feet deep. Part of the next house was dangerously over the hole. The people in hole houses had to be taken to safety.
Sinkholes have been happening without warning in this part of Florida for years. So far there is no way to predict(预言) when or where one will appear. When one does, others usually follow in the same area, usually along a straight line.
The worst sinkhole appeared in 1965. It was 70 feet across and 150 feet deep. It destroyed one house and damaged several others.
One hole, 15 feet deep, opened up this year in the middle of a highway 19 seconds after a car had driven by. Others in the same area happened at night, damaging houses, swallowing up trees and parts of streets and causing 23 frightened people to run away from their homes in night clothes.
Sinkholes happen when the weather is very dry. The earth at the surface begins to drop into holes underneath. This is how a sinkhole is formed.
Question:
1．Sinkholes do not happen .
A．after a rainstorm B．in a straight line
C．when it is very dry D．at night
2．When one sinkhole appears, others usually follow .
A．everywhere B．on straight highways only
C．in the neighborhood D．immediately

四、逻辑推理
国家教委在《高等学校入学英语考试大纲》中，对考生在这方面的阅读理解能力提出了如下的要求：“既理解材料的字面意思，也要理解根据字面可以推断的，而材料中又没有说明出来的意思，包括作者或文中人物的态度，意图等。
逻辑推理题属于主观理解范畴，是阅读理解的高级阶段。逻辑推理包括作者或人物的态度推理、目的推理、原因推理，结果推理等，它要求考生严格地按照阅读文章中所陈述的观点或描述的事实，引出合乎逻辑的判断或推理。在近年的NMET试卷中，这类试题大量出现，增加了考生解题的难度， 在学生中普遍地存在如下的思维障碍。
A．以想象代替逻辑推理
虽然逻辑推理题的答案在短文中没有直接的陈述，但是它存在着推理的相应依据。有的学生在阅读时，没有认真查寻，以想象代替逻辑推理，这是学生中普遍存在的错误。
例文：
Julius Caesar was born around 100 B. C. in Rome. Italy. He became one of the greatest men of all time. Most great men excel(杰出) in only one thing, but Caesar excelled in three—polities, war and literature(文学).
Caesar is probably best remembered as one of history’s bravest and ablest generals. He led his armies into Britain. Egypt and Germany. During those days, he fought hundreds of battles and only lost two of them. Later he defeated the Egyptians and made Cleopatra, a famous beauty, his queen.
His speaking ability was one reason for his rise in polities, so was his devotion to the common people. Throughout his life. Caesar insisted on reforms(改革) that helped the poor. At the age of forty-nine, he held the highest office the common people could give him.
Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 B. C. but his greatness was not forgotten. The name “Caesar” became a title for the ruler of the Roman Empire.
Question: Caesar was successful in politics mainly because of .
A．his great wealth B．his strong character
C．his speaking ability D．his devotion to the upper society

B．以具体事实来代替逻辑推理
例文：
In sports the sexes(性别) are separate. Women and men do not run or swim in the same races. Women are less strong than men. That at least is what people say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, if men want to please them, the fair sex. Yet for learning, boys and girls are taught together at schools and universities. There are women who are famous Prime Ministers, scientists and writers. Women also live longer than men. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68. Are women’s bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes. Women’s times are always slower than men’s, but some facts are surprising. Some of the fastest women swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2 seconds when she was only 16. The first Tarzan(健壮、灵活的男子) in films was an Olympic swimmer, Johnny Weissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slower than a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up in all aspects of life. Both sexes have their strength and weakness.
Question: In this passage the author implies that .
A．women are weaker than men, but faster
B．women are slower than men, but stronger
C．men are mot always stronger and faster than women
D．men are faster and stronger than women

C．就事论事忽视目的推理的实质
例文：
Have you ever heard the old saying. “Never judge a book by its cover”? This is a good rule to follow when trying to judge the intelligence(智力) of others. Some people have minds that shine only in certain situations. A young man with an unusual gift in writing may find himself speechless in the presence of a pretty girl. When he speaks, he may not be able to find the right words. But don’t make the mistake of thinking him stupid. With a pen and paper, he can express himself better than anybody.
Other people may fool you into overestimating(过高估计) their intelligence by putting up a good front. A student who listens attentively and takes notes in class is bound(一定) to make a favorable impression on his teachers. When it comes to exams, he or she may score near the bottom of the class.
It all boils down to this-you can’t judge someone by appearance. The only way to determine(测定) a person’s intelligence is to get to know him or her. Then you can see how a person react(反应) in different situations. The more situations you see, the better your judgment is likely to be. So take your time. Don’t judge the book by its cover.
Question: The writer of this passage wants to tell us .
A．not to judge a book by its cover
B．not to make the mistake of thinking a young man stupid
C．not to overestimate a student’s intelligence
D．not to judge a person’s intelligence by his or her appearance

D．缺乏中学生应有的知识
《考纲》指出，考生“既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合材料以外的赏识（中学生应有的常识）去理解。”由于某些地区过早地分文理科，造成有的学生在知识掌握上的片面性。
例文：
Air is a colorless, tasteless and invisible gas that surrounds the planet Earth. It is everywhere on the planet. An “empty” drinking glass and “empty” room, to give two examples, are not really empty. Each is filled with air. Where the glass is filled with water, the water pushes the air out of the glass.
Air, as a gas, has no definite(一定的) shape, but because it is matter, it takes up space. It is easy to prove that air is something that takes up space. Stuff a dry handkerchief into the bottom of a glass so that it will not fall out when the glass is turned upside down. Push the upside-down glass, hold straight up and down, into a jar of water till the glass is completely covered. When the glass is taken out of the water, the handkerchief will be dry. The air inside the glass took up space and kept the water from coming in.
Question:
1.Air has no definite shape because .
A．it is a mixture B．it is a gas C．it is matter D．it is nothing
2. Since air is matter, it has .
A．room as well as weight B．both room and shape
C．either room or weight D．neither shape nor weight
五、数学推理
A．在计算上的复杂化或简单化
在有的阅读理解中，存在着几个数据，需要考生在理解的基础上对数据进行适当的计算，即可得出正确的答案，可是有些学生把这些计算复杂化或简单化，结果就出了错误。
例文：
Women have more problems than men in old age. First of all, they have leas money or no money at all-and because of this they often feel they get less respect even at home. Quite a large number have no pension(退休金) because they