十大词类.doc

十大词类、八种成分、五种基本句型

1、词类：名类、代词、动词、连词、介词、冠词、形容词、副词、数词、感叹词。
1.1 名词：noun→ n.eg: book, China, class, ink, courage
名词： 可数名词（countable noun）
不可数名词（ uncountable noun ）
名词： 专有名词：Chian, Mr Smith, the Yellow River
个体名词：book, school, student
普通名词
集体名词：class, family, team
物质名词：ink, paper, water
抽象名词：courage, praise, beauty
注：名词的类别不是一层不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合在不同而相互转换。
如：Our school is not far from my home. (具体n)
I often go to school at six. (抽象n)
1.2 代词：pronoun→pron eg: I, you, his, mine, one, this…
代词分类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词。
1.2.1

单数
复数
人称代词（主格）
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
They
人称代词（宾格）

形容词性物主代词

名词性物主代词

反身代词

1.2.2 指示代词：this/that these/those such/ same
Such is Albert Einstein.
Our views are the same.
1.2.3 相互代词：one another; each other
1.2.4 不定代词：all, both, each, either, neither, another, other, some, any, many, much, few, little, more, one以及some, any, no, every构成的合成词。
some one
any + body
no thing
every
1.2.5 疑问代词：引起特殊疑问句who, whom, whose, which, what
1.2.6 关系代词：引导定语从句
He is the boy
Who was named Tom.
Who name was Tom.
Whom /that Tom met.
1.2.7 连接代词：引导名词性从句who, whom, whose, which, what
Who will go there is what you must decide.
1.3 动词：verb
实义动词
动词
及物动词：vt eg: see, eat, study
不及物动词：vi eg: look, come, arrive, run
连系动词： link verb: ①be ②表感官的系动词look, smell, taste, feel, seem, sound, appear ③表状态变化的：become, grow, get, turn, go, fall, prove ④表保持状态的：keep, remain, stand, lie…
助动词：do, does, did shall, will, have, had, be
情态动词：can, must, may, will, should, ought to…
1.4 连词：conjunction→conj.

并列连词：and, both…and…, not only…but also…, not…but…, neither…nor…, either…or, or, but, for, while, when
从属连词：引导状语从句when, while, as, if, because, so that…
1.5 介词：prep注：介词要带宾语，不及物v后要加上介词才能带宾如：look at, wait for, arrive at /in…
1.6 冠词：article →art
冠词
定冠词：the
不定冠词：a, an
1.7 形容词：adjective →adj eg: beautiful, good
1.8 副词：adverb →adv eg: well, quite, off
1.9 副词：number →num
基数词：one, two, one hundred
序数词：first, sixth, one hundredth
分数词：one—third, five—sevenths
小数和百分数：0.5: zero point five
3.56%: three point fifty—six percent
40%：forty percent
1.10 感叹词：interjection →enter eg: My God
2、八种句子成分
主语、谓语（只由动词充当）、表语、宾语、定语、补语、同位语、状语
I 五种基本句型
1. Mr Brown is
1.
主语+系动词+表语
+n
+pron
+adj
+adv
+ing
+ed
+prep（短语）
+to do
+that从句
+wh-从句
英语中常用的系动词有：
be(am, is are/was, were)
look, seem, appear
feel, sound, smell, taste
rest, promise, fall
keep, remain, hold, continue
lie, sit, stand
prove (tobe)=turn out (tobe)
an engineer.
one of the most famous musicians.
very modest and honest.
away on holiday.
promising (有前途的)
wounded in that battle.
in good health.
to go abroad for further study.
2. The problem is that he can’t attend the conference.
3. That is why we decided to put the discussion of.
4. The question is what we should do first.
5. The theory sounds reasonable.
6. The theory sounds reasonable.
7. We should not rest satisfied with what we have achieved.
8. He seems quite happy with the work.
试比较
The apple tastes delicious.（系表结构）
He tastes the delicious apple.（动宾结构）
2、主语+不及物动词
+
X
adv
prep 短语
to do
ing
adv性补助词
The traveler
has arrived.
has gone abroad /home.
has gone to the United States.
has gone to see this nephew(外甥)
has gone swimming.
has gone away.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语
I don’t know
n
pron
that从句
Wh+词+to do
Wh+词+从句
试比较
He expects to see you（宾语）
He comes to see you(状语)
试比较
He wants to come to see you.
He keeps practicing speaking English
1.
the strange.
them.
that he comes from London.
what to do with the matter.
how to translate the book into Spanish.
whether he will come before long.
whether to leave or stay.
I want to collect stamps.
I enjoy collecting stamps.

4.1 主语+及物动词+间宾(sb)+直宾(sth)=直宾(sth) to 间宾(sb.)
（常用此结构的动词有：give, hand, lend, post, promise, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write, owe, pass, bring, read, do, offer, bring等）
1. He shows me a book-He shows a book to me.
2. I send him a telegram-I send a telegram to him.
3. He lent his computer to me- He lent me his
computer.
4. I gave him some money-I gave some money to him.
5. He told me a funny story-He told a funny story to me.
4.2主语+及物动词+sb+sth.=
sth for sb
试比较
（常用此结构的动词有：buy build, paint, call, choose, cook, cut, do, fetch, get, keep, draw, make, order(定购) , prepare, save等。
1. He drew a picture for me-He drew me a picture.
2. He bought her a novel- He bought a novel for her.
3. Please fetch me some chalk-Please fetch some chalk for me.
4. Please choose me a new tie-Please choose a new tie for me.
I’ll write a letter to(给)you.
I’ll write a letter for(替)you.

4.3 主语+及物动词+to sb sth
=sth to sb
（常用此结构的动词有：introduce, present suggest, mention, announce, say, express, report explain等）
1. He explains to me the matter-He explains the matter to me.
2. I’ll introduce to you the book-I’ll introduce the book to you.
3. He expressed to me his thanks-He expressed his thanks to me.
但
He asked me a question=He asked a question of me
I put him a question =I put a question to him.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补
n
adj.
adv
ing
ed
to be…
Prep（短语）
I found her
a famous poet.
very anxious.
fond of music.
out the other day.
working in the company.
wounded in the accident.
(to be) honest.
to go that way.
in poor health.
II 十大词类
词类
意义
在句中
作…语
例示
n—名词
表示人或事物的名称
主（表、宾、定、补、同位）语
1. Our monitor(主语)is reading a novel written by Dickens.
2. Alice is our monitor(表语). I invite our monitor(宾语)to dinner.
3. Alice, our monitor(同位语), will attend the conference.
4. We elected her our monitor(宾语补足语)
5. Our monitor is talking to a woman(定语)writer.
Prun-
代词
代替名词、数词等
主（表、宾、定、同位）语
I (主语)bought these(定语)books, so they’re mine(表语)and I teach them(宾语)myself(同位语).
adj-
形容词
表示人或事物的性质和特征
定（表、补）语等
1. We love our beautiful(定语)school.
2. Our school is beautiful(表语).
3. We want to make our school more beautiful(补语).
adv-
副词
表示动作或性状的特征
作状语、表语修饰动词、形容词、副词
1. We should constantly(状语)review our lessons.
2. The doctor is treating the patient who is seriously(状语)ill.
3. They are getting on very(状语)well with each other.
4. I must be off (表语)now because I have much work to see to.
num –
数词
表示数量和顺序
主（表、宾、定）语
1. Eight(主语)plus zero(宾语)is eight(表语).
2. One fifth(主语)of the workers have worked for eight(定语)years.
verb –
动词
表示动作或状态
谓语
1. We appreciate(及物动词)what you have done for us.
2. Time and tide wait(不及物动词)for no man.
3. Mr Brown is(系动词)an excellent engineer.
4. The situation seems(系动词)quite normal in my opinion.
5. She has been(助动词)studying English for scores of years.
6. We should(情态动词)be modest and honest.
art-
冠词
表示名词的泛指和特指

1. This poem was written by a peasant(泛指)and the peasant(特指)came from Henan province.
2. He is an engineer(泛指)and the engineer(特指)teaches at Qinghua University.
prep-
介词
表示与其它词之间的关系
介词短语作状语（定、表）语
1. The man stood there in silence(状语).
2. The man is in silence(表语)。
3. The man in silence(定语)is a new comer of our class.
conj-
连词
用来连接词、短语、从句或句子
分为并列连词和从属连词
The boy and girls are working hard at连接词
school and at home because they know 连接短语 连接从句
What they study for
连接名词从句
interj-
感叹词
表示说话时的感情或口气

1. Oh, learned judge! Oh, wise young man!
噢，博学的法官！噢，聪明的年轻人！
2. My god! All the furniture in the house is so dirty.

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