机械1289设计QTZ125塔式起重机结构设计63m吊臂.docx

目录
第一章 前言··················································································1
1.1塔式起重机概述············································································1
1.2塔式起重机的发展趋势····································································3
第二章 总体设计············································································4
2.1 概述························································································4
2.2 总体设计方案的确定······································································5
2.2.1金属结构·················································································5
2.2.2工作机构················································································25
2.3 总体设计原则············································································29
2.3.1 整机工作级别··········································································32
2.3.2 机构工作级别··········································································32
2.3.3 主要技术性能参数····································································32
2.4平衡臂与平衡重的计算···································································33
2.5起重特性曲线·············································································35
2.6塔机风力计算·············································································37
2.6.1工作工况Ⅰ············································································38
2.6.2工作工况Ⅱ·············································································42
2.6.3工作工况Ⅲ·············································································44
2.6.4非工作工况Ⅳ···········································································46
2.7整机的抗倾翻稳定性·····································································48
2.7.1工作工况Ⅰ·············································································49
2.7.2工作工况Ⅱ·············································································50
2.7.3非工作工况Ⅲ···········································································51
2.7.4工作工况Ⅳ·············································································51
第三章 塔身的设计计算·································································52
3.1塔身的总体模型···········································································52
3.2 塔身的受力分析及验算··································································53
3.2.1.塔身的受力分析·······································································53
3.2.2 塔身内力计算及组合··································································56
3.2.3 塔身整体稳定性和强度验算··························································59
第四章 变幅机构的设计和计算························································71
4.1变幅机构的形式··········································································71
4.2 确定卷筒尺寸············································································71
4.2.1 卷筒名义直径··········································································71
····························································724.3····················································72
·············································································72············································································73·······························································74································································75
4.4. 验算变幅速度···········································································77
····································································77
4.6电动机发热校验···········································································79
············································································80·······························································80··········································································80
··········································································81················································815.2.2运行小车牵引力计算···································································82
5.2.3 牵引绳最大张力·······································································85
5.2.4 选择牵引绳············································································86
5.2.5 牵引卷筒计算··········································································86
第六章 毕业设计小结····································································89
致谢····························································································90
参考书目·······················································································92

设计项目
计算与说明
结果

塔式起重机概述

塔式起重机的发展趋势

概述

总体设计方案的确定

卷筒尺寸的
确定

选择电动机

选择减速器

选择制动器

选择联轴器

验算变幅速
度

起动时间验
算

发热校核

校核卷筒强度

变幅小车的设计

第一章 前言
1.1 塔式起重机概述
随着建筑行业的兴起，城镇人口的增多，高层建筑已经成为了一个趋势，来满足人们的住房需求。然而，在建筑行业中，能同时完成垂直升降和水平移动的起重机械很多，但综合其机动灵活性，起升高度，实用性等因素应用最广泛的是塔式起重机。
是现代工业与民用高层建筑的主要施工机械之一。在高层建筑中其幅度利用率高达80﹪,与其它类型的起重机相比，塔式起重机的优势明显，它有多种类别、形式、性能、大小等，它的突出特点是工作效率高、适用范围广、回转半径大、操作方便可靠等。故塔式起重机在建筑安装工程中得到广泛应用。但是塔机的技术有待于提高。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式，就是以塔身结构为核心，按结构和功能特点，将塔身分解成若干部分，并依据系列化和通用化要求，遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机，以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产品开发进度，节省产品开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。
据相关文献记载，有关塔机的第一项专利早在1900年获得批准，近代塔式起重机出现于1912-1914年。第一台比较完整的近代塔式起重机出现于1923年。1930年德国已经开始将塔式起重机批量生产并投入使用，并用于建筑施工。1941年，有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。
我国对塔机的研究生产已有近50年的历史，经历了一个从绘制仿制到自行设计的发展过程。在不断的摸索中，我国逐步掌握了塔机生产的生产技术。20世纪80年代改革开放以后，我国引进了许多先进技术，这极大的促进了我国塔机设计制造技术的进步，一些主要机种已达到或接近国外同类产品质量水平。我国的塔式起重机从科研到加工生产方面取得了可喜的进步，但是在和国外先进塔式起重机的使用寿命，成本等方面还存在着一定的差距。我相信在今后的发展中差距会进一步缩小。
随着高层建筑结构件的预制装配化、工厂化等新工艺、新技术应用的不断扩大。拿来与创新，我们要学习国外先进技术，并能够创造出自己的品牌。在新产品开发上我们要学习国外塔机的一些特点：
⑴ 更多的厂家注重开发经济型城市塔机并扩展成系列。
⑵国外塔机新产品中，有一些新颖的轻、中型折叠式快速安装塔机颇引人注目。
⑶根据一些国家城建当局的有关规定，为防止塔机臂架在狭窄的空间运行发生矛盾，避免吊臂相互碰撞以及碰到邻近的建筑物，在城市高层建筑密集地区施工必须采用动臂式自升塔式起重机。
⑷在经过较长时间研制之后，履带式水平臂架塔机作为一种新产品正式问世。
在国外塔机新产品上得到推广应用。
⑹高新技术开始在塔机上应用。
⑺无论上回转或下回转式塔机，都十分重视驾驶室的平面设计和空间处理。
本次设计的课题为QTZ125自升势塔式起重机的设计，根据其分类特点采用上回转式。
QTZ125型自升式塔式起重机，其吊臂长63米，最大起重量10吨，额定起重力矩125吨米。是一种结构合理、性能比较优异的产品，比较目前国内外同规格同类型的塔机具有更多的优点，能满足高层建筑施工的需要，可用于建筑材料和构件的调运和安装，并能在市内狭窄地区和丘陵地带建筑施工。整机结构大，可满足中大型施工队的要求。
本机以基本高度（独立式）47.3米。用户需高层附着施工，只需提出另行订货要求，即可增加某些部件实现本机的最大设计高度200米，也就是附着高层施工可建高楼65层以上。
1.2塔式起重机的发展趋势
根据国内外一些技术资料的介绍，塔式起重机的发展趋势具体归纳为以下几个方面。
1、吊臂长度加长
在20世纪60年代初，吊臂长度超过40m的较少，70年代吊臂长度已能做到70m。快速拆装下回转塔式起重机的吊臂长度可达到35m。自升式塔式起重机吊臂是可以接长的，标准臂长一般为30～40m，可以接长到50～60m。重型塔式起重机吊臂则更长。随着塔式起重机设计水平的提高，可以解决由臂长加大带来的一些技术问题，而低合金高强度钢材及铝合金的广泛采用也为加长吊臂提供了非常有利的条件。
2、工作速度提高，且能调速
由于调速技术的进步，混轮组倍率的可变、双速、三速电动机及直流电动机调速的应用，使塔式起重机工作速度逐渐提高。20世纪50年代生产的塔式起重机工作速度较低，起升速度一般只有20～30m/min，回转速度为0.6～1r/min，变幅速度为30～40m/min，大车行走速度为10～40m/min，而近几年来塔式起重机工作速度已有提高。起升机构普遍做到具有3～4种工作速度，重物起升速度超过100m/min者已经很多，构件安装就位速度可在0～10m/min范围内进行选择，回转速度一般可在0～1r/min之间进行调节，小车牵引和塔式起重机行走大多也有2～3种工作速度，小车牵引速度最快可达60m/min。
3、改善操纵条件
随着塔式起重机向大型、大高度方向发展，操作人员的能见度越来越差。因此需要在吊臂端部或小车上安装电视摄像机，在操作室利用电视进行操作。有的还采用了双频道的无线电遥控系统，不仅可由地面的操作人员控制吊装，还可以根据事先编排的程序自动进行吊装。
4、更多地采用组装式结构
为了便于产品更新换代，简化设计制造、使用与管理，提高塔式起重机使用的经济效益，国外塔式起重机专业厂已做到产品系列化、部件模数化。以不同模数塔身、臂架标准节组合成变断面塔身和臂架，这不仅能提高塔身、臂架的力学性能，减轻塔式起重机自重，而且可明显减少使用单位塔架、臂架的储备量，为降低成本、简化管理创造了条件。
第二章　总体设计
2.1概述
塔式起重机是工业与民用建筑施工中，完成预制构件及其他建筑材料与工具等吊装工作的主要设备。在高层建筑施工中其幅度利用率比其他类型起重机高。塔式起重机的起升高度、工作幅度和起重力矩都很大，这就要对其受力、稳定性等进行考虑与计算。塔机的主要性能参数包括：起重量、起升高度、幅度、各机构工作速度、重量指标和起重力矩等。这些参数表明了起重机的工作性能和技术经济指标，它是设计塔式起重机的技术依据，也是生产中选择塔式起重机技术性能的依据。
总体设计是机械设计整个过程中最关键的环节之一。它是使设计产品满足技术参数及形式的总构想，决定了机械设计的成败。在总体设计前，应先进行深入细致的调查研究，收集国内外同类机型的相关资料，了解国内外塔机的使用情况，并进行分析比较，然后制定总的设计方案。设计原则应当在保证所设计的机型达到国家有关标准的同时，力求结构合理，技术先进，积极性好，工艺简单，工作可靠。
2.2总体设计方案的确定
QTZ125型塔式起重机是上回转、水平臂架、液压自升式的结构形式，由金属结构、工作机构和驱动控制系统三部分组成。在进行总体设计时，要综合考虑塔机的强度、刚度、稳定性、各种工况下的外载荷以及塔机的经济性，从而选出合理的设计方案。
2.2.1 金属结构
塔式起重机金属结构部分由塔身，塔头或塔帽，起重臂架，平衡臂架，回转支撑架等主要部件组成。对于特殊的塔式起重机，由于构造上的差异，个别部件也会有所增减。
金属结构是塔式起重机的骨架，承受塔机的自重载荷及工作时的各种外载荷，是塔式起重机的重要组成部分，其重量通常约占整机重量的一半以上，因此金属结构设计合理与否对减轻起重机自重，提高起重性能，节约钢材以及提高起重机的可靠性等都有重要意义。
1.基础
高层建筑施工用的附着式塔式起重机都采用小车变幅的水平臂架，幅度大部分在五十米以上，无须移动作业即可覆盖整个施工范围，因此多采用钢筋混凝土基础。
钢筋混凝土基础有多种形式可供选用。对于有底架的固定自升式塔式起重机，可视工程地质条件，周围环境以及施工现场情况选用X形整体基础，四个条块分隔式基础或者四个独立块体式基础。对于无底架的自升式塔式起重机则采用整体式方块基础。
X形整体基础的形状及平面尺寸大致与塔式起重机X形底架相似。塔式起重机的X形底架通过预埋地脚螺栓固定在混凝土基础上，此种形式多用于轻型自升式塔式起重机，如图2-1所示。

图2-1 X形整体基础
长条形基础由两条或四条并列平行的钢筋混凝土底梁组成，其功能犹如两条钢筋混凝土的钢轨轨道基础，分别支承底架的四个支座和由底架支座传来的上部荷载。如果塔机安装在混凝土砌块人行道上，或是安装在原有混凝土地面上，均可采用这种钢筋混凝土基础，如图2-2所示。
固定式塔式起重机，可靠的地基基础是保证塔机安全使用的必备条件。该基础应根据不同地质情况，严格按照规定制作。除在坚硬岩石地段可采用锚桩地基（分块基础）外，一般情况下均采用整体钢筋混凝土基