资源描述
阅读理解
知识点
作出判断和推理
理解文章的基本结构
理解作者的意图、观点和态度
教学目标
透析阅读理解命题规律，解题步骤，做到解题有思路。从而增加英语学习的信心。
教学重点
译文章，透彻理解。
教学难点
足够的词汇量
教学过程
一、课堂导入
河北中考阅读理解题集中测试词汇量，着重理解文章情境，要做到意思+生活经验，才能做到透彻理解解题周全。那么命题时，有哪些特点和规律呢？解题时，要遵循哪些思路和步骤呢？
让我们开始本节课吧！
二、复习预习
More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today. Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost!
Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighborhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit (受益) from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.
Folding (折叠) bikes work well for people who ride the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers. Health Benefits of Bicycling:
l It helps to prevent heart diseases.
l Bicycling helps to control your weight.A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week burns off five kilos of fat in a year.
l Bicycling can improve your mood (心情). Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident.
l Bicycling is healthier than driving.
56. From the passage, we know that bicycling is becoming very________.
A. surprising B. exciting C. expensive D. popular
57. When you are riding your bicycle around your neighborhood, you may ________.
A. pollute the environment around B. find something you didn’t notice
C. go everywhere and use a little oil D. get off your bike and begin to work
58. If you travel with a folding bike, you can fold it and ________.
A. get out of the car B. take it onto a train C. put it in your purse D. go on airline websites
59. One of the benefits from bicycling is that ________.
A. you can fold the bicycle B. you will be friendly to others
C. you will be more relaxed D. you may get fatter and fatter
60. Which is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Bicycling is enjoyable exercise for people. B. Driving cars is healthier than riding bikes.
C. Riding a bike pollutes your neighborhood. D. Common bikes are welcomed by all airlines.
56. 【答案】D
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise.可知。
57. 【答案】B
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由You may discover something new all around you.可知。
58. 【答案】B
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由Folding (折叠) bikes work well …and take it with you.可知。
59. 【答案】C
【解析】本题考查。由Exercise like bicycling …more relaxed and self-confident.可知。
60. 【答案】A
【解析】本题考查理解作者的意图、观点和态度。由文章总体意思体会可知。
三、知识讲解
知识点1：阅读理解题的解题技巧
1．获取段落的主旨和大意。最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：
1）表述的意思比较概括，相对其主句来看，这种概括性更为明显。
2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。
3）段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。
在一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置有两种：主题句在段首。主题句在段末。
知识点2：阅读理解题的解题技巧
2．根据上下文猜测词义。猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。上下文的作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。
猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：
1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：根据定义或解释猜测词义；根据并列、同位关系猜测词义；根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义。
2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。
3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。
知识点3：阅读理解题的解题技巧
3. 确定细节和事实。在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：
1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。
2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。
知识点4：阅读理解题的解题技巧
4．进行合理推断。所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。需要推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。
初中英语阅读试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：
1）事实推断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
2）指代推断。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。
3）逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。
4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
总之，只要平时善于积累，并熟练运用上述解题技巧，初中阅读理解题就将不再是难题。
四、例题精析
【例题】Like many people, I have no clear idea about heroes. At some point we all wonder if we need a hero and what a hero really is.
Although there are a lot of differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics (特点) which give us courage and make us want to learn from them.
A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a special story to tell and people think highly of it. But a hero is not just the person with great fame (声誉) .
A hero has powers (力量) larger than himself. Some people want to live like a hero, and they have to experience life with new and further meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom they serve. What do they want to live and die for? If the answer suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes.
A hero has a vision from the mountaintop. He has the power to move people. He creates new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of Britain. Without Martin Luther King, Jr., Americans might take different buses, eat in different restaurants, go for walks in different parks, and shop in different stores because of the different colors of their skin.
There might be changes in society without a hero, but the speed of change would be rather slow. Thanks to heroes in history, they make the society develop so rapidly.
66. According to this passage, a hero is a person who always ________.
A. gives us courage B. thinks highly of others
C. shares great fame D. stands on the mountaintop
67. If you want to live like a hero, you should ________.
A. experience a new and meaningful life B. listen to something worth talking about
C. serve your own fame and try to be famous D. know where and how you want to live and die
68. The underlined word “vision” in the passage means “___________”.
A. 风景 B. 想象 C. 远见 D. 形象
69. Black people in America used to ________ before Martin Luther King, Jr..
A. shop at the white’s stores B. drive buses with the white
C. take walks in the white’s parks D. eat in restaurants without the white
70. What can we learn from the passage?
A. We don’t need heroes anymore at some point now.
B. Heroes are all the same though different in cultures.
C. People get power from heroes to move to a new place.
D. Our society has developed faster because of heroes in history.
66. 【答案】A
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由which give us courage and make us want to ...可知。
67. 【答案】A
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由they have to experience life with new and further meaning.可知。
68. 【答案】C
【解析】本题考查根据上下文推断生词的词义。由上下文推断可知。
69. 【答案】D
【解析】本题考查作出判断和推理。由eat in different restaurants可知。
70. 【答案】D
【解析】本题考查理解作者的意图、观点和态度。由Thanks to heroes … develop so rapidly.可知。
课程小结
本节课主要学习了中考阅读理解题的命题规律，希望同学们能够熟练掌握这些考点，同时要重点掌握住解题策略。
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