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技术公司电源MTBF测试规范
1.0 目的
依据MIL-HBDK-217F标准评估电源产品的可靠性。
2.0 适用范围
适用于测试工程师、可靠测试工程师、技术员和工程测试人员对本司电源产品类的MTBF测试的标准依据。
3.0 定义
MTBF——Mean time between failure. 平均故障间隔时间.
MIL-HBDK-217F:美国军用手册——电子器件可靠性预估.
4.0 权责
测试组:测试工程师依据本规范对样机阶段确认测试内容进行测试验证并出具测试报告.
5.0 规范内容
5.1参数说明:
πQ:Quality Factor品质因数, 很多产品的品质等级分为:MIL-SPEC和Lower两种,如下表说明,如该零件满足2种品质等级标准时,可用MIL-SPEC确定πQ的数值;如此标准被放弃或属于商业类制程时,我们用Lower确定πQ的数值。
Parts with Multi-Level Quality Specifications
Part
Quality Designators
Microcircuits 微电子
S, B, B-1,Other: Quality Judged by screening Level
Discrete Semiconductors 半导体
JANTXV, JANTX, JAN
Capacitors, Established Reliability (ER) 电容, 建立可靠性
D, C, S, R, B, P, M, L
Resistors, Established Reliability (ER) 电阻,建立可靠性
S, R, P, M
Coils, Molded, R.F., Reliability (ER) 线圈、模型、RF,建立可靠性
S, R, P, M
Relays, Established Reliability (ER) 继电器,建立可靠性
R, P, M, L
πE:Environment Factor环境因数,所有元件可靠模型包括环境应力的影响(除了致电离辐射)。如下说明,仅目前常用的几种类型
使用环境
πE类型
描述
良好的地面条件
GB
不移动的,温度和湿度受控制并能得到很好的保持,此类环境包括实验室工具与设备,医疗电子设备,商用和科学电脑配件,导弹以及相应的支持设备和发射井。
固定的地面条件
GF
一般的环境条件,如产品安装于固定的位置,有足够的风冷条件并尽可能不靠近其他发热设备。此类包括有控制飞机飞行的固定雷达系统和通讯设备。
移动的使用环境
GM
产品装置在轮状装备上或轨型交通设备上,手工运输,。此类包括战术导弹地面支持设备、移动通讯设备、战术喷火系统、手持通讯设备、激光探测器等。
λP:某一器件或部件的总失效率。
5.2元器件计算公式与参数选定
5.2.1 IC 类、数字或线性逻辑或门,MOS驱动器
5.2.1.1适用范围:
各类IC、线性或数字门电路、集成电路模块等
5.2.1.2计算公式:λP=(C1×πT+C2×πE)×πQ×πL
5.2.1.3参数计算公式:
C1:MOS Linear and Digital Gate/Logic Array Die Complexity Failure Rate
Digital
Linear
PLA/PAL
No. Gates
C1
No. Transistors
C1
No. Gates
C1
1 to 100
0.010
1 to 100
0.010
Up to 500
0.00085
101 to 1,000
0.020
101 to 300
0.020
501 to 1,000
0.0017
1,001 to 3,000
0.040
301 to 1,000
0.040
1001 to 5000
0.0034
…….
…….
……..
πT:Temperature Factor
计算公式:πT =0.1×exp(-Ea/(8.617×10-5) ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
其中: Ea:Effective Activation Energy (eV)
Digital MOS: 0.35; Linear MOS: 0.65
TJ: Worse caste Junction Temperature or Average Active Device Channel Temperature.
C2:Package Failure Rate
计算公式:C2=2.8×10-4×(Np)1.08
Np: Number of Functional Pins
πE:GB: 0.50; GF: 2.0; GM: 4.0
πQ:一般选择(Other Commercial or Unknown Screening Levels): 10
πL: Learning Factor, 因使用的IC生产经验均大于2年,故选择:1.0
5.2.2半导体类
5.2.2.1使用范围:
低频二极管(开关二极管、快恢复二极管、功率整流器、电压调整器-稳压管、电流调整器-稳流管、瞬态抑制器、肖特基)
5.2.2.2计算公式:λP=λb×πT×πS×πC×πQ×πE
5.2.2.3参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Diode Type/ Application
λb
Switching
0.0010
Fast Recovery Power Rectifier
0.025
Power Rectifier/ Schottky
0.0030
Power Diode
0.0050
Voltage Regulator and Voltage Reference (Avalanche and Zener)
0.0020
…….
πT:Temperature Factor
1> 对于:Switching, Fast Recovery, Power Rectifier, Transient Suppressor
πT =exp(-3091 ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
2> 对于:Voltage regulator, Voltage Reference, and Current Regulator
πT =exp(-1925 ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
** TJ: Junction Temperature (℃)
πS:Electrical Stress Factor
1> Voltage Regulator, Voltage Reference, Current Regulator
πS = 1.0
2> All Others
πS = 0.054 when Vs≤ 0.3;
πS = Vs2.43 when 0.3<Vs≤ 1.0;
** Vs= Voltage Stress Ration= Voltage Applied / Voltage Rated
πC:Contact Construction Factor
Contact Construction
πC
Metallurgically Bonded
1.0
Non-Metallurgically Bonded and Spring Loaded Contact
2.0
πQ: 一般选择Lower: 5.5 or Plastic: 8..0
πE : GB: 1.0; GF: 6.0; GM: 9.0
5.2.2.4使用范围:
晶体管,低频,双极性;NPN、PNP(频率<200MHz)
5.2.2.5计算公式:λP=λb ×πT×πA×πR×πS×πQ×πE
5.2.2.6参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate 0.00074
πT:Temperature Factor
πT =exp(-2114 ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
** TJ: Junction Temperature(℃)
πA:Application Factor
Application
πA
Linear Amplification
1.50
Switching
0.70
πR:Power Rating Factor
1> =0.43 when Rated Power ≤0.1W
2> = (Pr)0.37 When Rated Power >0.1W
πS:Voltage Stress Factor
πS = 0.045×exp(3.1×VS) (0<VS≤1.0)
VS=Applied VCE/ Rated VCEO
VCE=Voltage, Collector to Emitter
VCEO= Voltage, Collector to Emitter, Base Open
πQ:一般选择Lower: 5.5 or Plastic: 8..0
πE:GB: 1.0; GF: 6.0; GM: 9.0
5.2.2.7适用范围:
晶体管,低频,Si FET;N-Channel and P-Channel Si FET (频率≤400MHz)
5.2.2.8λP=λb ×πT×πA×πQ×πE
5.2.2.9参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Transistor Type
λb
MOSFET
0.012
JFET
0.0045
πT:Temperature Factor
πT =exp(-1925 ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
** TJ: Junction Temperature(℃)
πA:Application Factor
Application
(Pr, Rated Output Power)
πA
Linear Amplification (Pr<2W)
1.5
Small Signal Switching
0.7
Power FETs
Non-linear, (Pr≥2W)
2≤ Pr<5W
2.0
5≤ Pr<50W
4.0
……
……
πQ:一般选择Lower: 5.5 or Plastic: 8..0
πE:GB: 1.0; GF: 6.0; GM: 9.0
5.2.2.10适用范围:
光藕、LED(Light Emitting Diode)
5.2.2.11计算公式:λP=λb ×πT×πQ×πE
5.2.2.12参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Optoelectronic Type
λb
Photo-Transistor
0.0055
Poto-Diode
0.0040
LED
0.00023
……
……
πT: Temperature Factor
πT =exp(-2790 ×(1/(TJ+273)-1/298))
** TJ: Junction Temperature(℃)
πQ: 一般选择Lower: 5.5 or Plastic: 8.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 2.0; GM: 8.0
5.2.3电阻类
5.2.3.1计算公式:λP=λb ×πT×πP×πS×πQ×πE
5.2.3.2参数选择:
Resistor
Style
Description
(适用范围)
λb
πT计算公式
πS计算公式
RC
固定阻值、合成物、绝缘
0.0017
Column:1
Column:2
RM
固定阻值、薄膜、贴片、建立可靠性
0.0037
Column:2
Column:1
RD
固定阻值、薄膜(功率型)
0.0037
N/A;πT=1
Column:1
RTH
热敏电阻、绝缘
0.0019
N/A;πT =1
N/A;πS=1
RV
可变化阻值、合成物
0.0037
Column:2
Column:1
……
……
πT: Temperature Factor
Column 1: πT =exp(-0.2/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(T+273)-1/298))
Column 2: πT = exp(-0.08/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(T+273)-1/298))
T: Resistor Case Temperature. It can be approximated as ambient component temperature for low power dissipation non-power type resistors.
πS: Power Stress Factor
Column 1: πS =0.71×e1.1×(S)
Column 2: πS = 0.54×e2.04×(S)
S= Actual Power Dissipation / Rated Power
πP: Power Factor
πP =(Power Dissiptation)0.39
πQ: 一般取“Commercial or Unknown Screening Level”: 10
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 4.0; GM: 16.0
5.2.4电容类
5.2.4.1计算公式:λP=λb ×πT×πC×πV×πSR×πQ×πE
5.2.4.2参数选择:
Capacitor
Style
Description
(适用范围)
λb
πT计算公式
πC计算公式
πV计算公式
CRH
Fixed supermetallized plastic Film Dielectric (DC, AC or DC and AC) Hermetically sealed in metal cases, ER
0.00051
Column:1
Column:1
Column:1
CY
Fixed, glass dielectric
0.00076
Column:2
Column:1
Column:2
CC, CCR
Fixed, Ceramic dielectric (temperature compensating)
0.00099
Column:2
Column:1
Column:3
CU, CUR
Fixed, Electrolytic ( Aluminum Oxide),
0.00012
Column:2
Column:2
Column:1
CE
Fixed, Electrolytic (DC, Aluminum Oxide, Dry electrolyte Polarized)
0.00012
Column:2
Column:2
Column:1
……
……
参数计算公式与数值的选择:
πT: Temperature Factor
Column 1: πT =exp(-0.15/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(T+273)-1/298))
Column 2: πT = exp(-0.35/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(T+273)-1/298))
T: Capacitor Ambient Temperature.
Notice:
1. πT values shown should only be sued up to the temperature rating of the device.
2. For devices with ratings higher than 150 degrees C. use the equation to determine πT (for applications above 150 degrees C.)
πC: Capacitance Factor
Column 1: πS =C0.09
Column 2: πS = C0.23
πV: Voltage Stress Factor
Column 1: πV =(S/0.6)5 +1
Column 2: πV =(S/0.6)10 +1
Column 3: πV =(S/0.6)3 +1
Column 4: πV =(S/0.6)17 +1
Column 5: πV =(S/0.5)3 +1
S: Operating Voltage/ Rated Voltage
Note: Operating voltage is the sum of applied DC voltage and peak AC voltage.
πSR: Series Resistance Factor
1. Tantalum CSR Style Capacitors, Refer to the detail table.
2. Others capacitors style, πSR =1
πQ: 一般取“Commercial or Unknown Screening Level”: 10.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 10; GM: 20
5.2.5磁性材料
5.2.5.1计算公式:λP=λb ×πT×πQ×πE
5.2.5.1参数选择:
◎变压器类
λb:Base Failure Rate
Transformer
λb
Low Power pulse (Peak Pwr.<300W, Avg. Pwr.<5W)
0.022
High Power pulse (Peak Pwr.≥300W, Avg. Pwr. ≥5W)
0.049
πT: Temperature Factor
πT =exp(-0.11/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(THS+273)-1/298))
THS: Hot spot temperature(℃), This prediction model assumes that the insulation rated temperature is not exceeded for more than 5% of the time. (一般我们选用磁性器件的表面温度)
THS =TA+1.1(ΔT)
TA: Inductive Device ambient operating temperature(℃).
ΔT: Average temperature above ambient(℃).
(详细说明请参考MIL-HDBK-217F的11.3)
πQ: 一般取“Lower”: 3.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 6; GM: 12
◎电感、扼流圈感应器类
λb:Base Failure Rate; 取“Fixed inductor or choke”: 0.000030
πT: Temperature Factor
πT =exp(-0.11/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(THS+273)-1/298))
THS: Hot spot temperature(℃), This prediction model assumes that the insulation rated temperature is not exceeded for more than 5% of the time. (一般我们选用磁性器件的表面温度)
THS =TA+1.1(ΔT)
TA: Inductive Device ambient operating temperature(℃).
ΔT: Average temperature above ambient(℃).
(详细说明请参考MIL-HDBK-217F的11.3)
πQ: 一般取“Lower”: 3.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 6; GM: 12
5.2.6继电器
5.2.6.1适用范围:
时序继电器、电控继电器、混合性继电器等
5.2.6.2计算公式:λP=λb×πQ×πE
5.2.6.3参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Relay Type
λb
Solid state
0.029
Solid state Time delay
0.029
Hybrid
0.029
πQ:选用”Commercial”: 1.9
πE:GB: 1.0; GF: 3; GM: 12
5.2.7开关器
5.2.7.1适用范围:
限制开关、压制型、按钮型等
5.2.7.2计算公式:λP=λb×πL×πC×πQ×πE
5.2.7.3参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Description
λb
Dual-In-Line Package
0.00012
Limit
4.3
Pressure
2.8
Pushbutton
0.10
Sensitive
0.49
πL:Load stress factor
πL =exp(S/0.8)2 For Resistive load
πL =exp(S/0.4)2 For Inductive load
πL =exp(S/0.2)2 For Lamp load
Note: S= Operating load current / Rated resistive load current
πC:Contact configuration Factor (此为接触结构因数,参考接触点)
πC = (NC)0.33
Note: Applies to toggle and pushbutton switches only, all others use πC =1
πQ:选用“Lower”: 2.0
πE:GB: 1.0; GF: 3.0; GM: 18.0
5.2.8 Connectors 连接器
5.2.8.1适用范围:一般连接器
5.2.8.2计算公式:λP=λb×πT×πK×πQ×πE
5.2.8.3参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Description
λb
圆形/圆柱型
0.0010
直插式(PCB)Card edge (PCB)*
0.040
矩形类 Rectangular
0.046
电话类 Telephone
0.0075
电源 Power
0.0070
……
* Printed circuit board connectors
πT: Temperature Factor
πT = exp(-0.14/(8.617×10-5)×(1/(T0+273)-1/298))
T0= Connector ambient + ΔT
ΔT = Connector Insert temperature rise, see the table as below
Contact Gauge 线材规格
Insert temperature rise
32
ΔT =3.256×I1.85
30
ΔT =2.856×I1.85
28
ΔT =2.286×I1.85
24
ΔT =1.345×I1.85
22
ΔT =0.989×I1.85
20
ΔT =0.640×I1.85
18
ΔT =0.429×I1.85
16
ΔT =0.274×I1.85
12
ΔT =0.100×I1.85
其中: I= Amperes per contact
πK: Mating / Unmating Factor 拔插系数
Mating/ Unmating Cycles (per 1000 Hours)
πK
0 to 0.05
1.0
>0.05 to 0.5
1.5
……
……
One cycle includes both connect and disconnect.
πQ: 选用“Lower”: 2.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 1.0; GM: 8.0
5.2.8.4适用范围:插座Socket
5.2.8.5计算公式:λP=λb×πP×πQ×πE
5.2.8.6参数说明:
λb:Base Failure Rate
Description
λb
Dual-In-Line Package
0.00064
Single-In-Line Package
0.00064
Chip carrier
0.00064
Pin grid array
0.00064
Transistor
0.0051
……
……
πP: Active Pins Factor
πP = exp((N-1)/10)0.39
N= Number of active Pins
πQ: 选用“Lower”: 1.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 3.0; GM: 14.0
5.2.9 PCB
5.2.9.1计算公式:λP=λb×[N1×πC+N2×(πC+13)] ×πQ×πE
5.2.9.2参数说明:
λb: Base failure rate
Technology
λb
Printed wiring assembly/ Printed circuit boards with PTHs
0.000017
Discrete wiring with electroless
Deposited PTH(≤2 Levels of Circuitry)
0.00011
PTH: Plated through- hole
N1 &N2: Number of PTHs Factor
Factor
Quantity
N1
Automated techniques: quantity of wave infrared(IR) or vapor phase soldered functional PTHs
N2
Quantity of hand soldered PTHs
πC: Complexity Factor
πC = 0.65 × P0.63
P: Number of circuit planes (2 to 18)
Note: Discrete wiring w/ PTH: πC =1
πQ: 选用“Lower”: 1.0
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 2.0; GM: 7.0
5.2.10保险管
5.2.10.1计算公式:λP=λb×πE
5.2.10.2参数说明:
λb : Base failure rate: 0.010
πE: GB: 1.0; GF: 2.0; GM: 8.0
6.0 附件、记录
6.1《MTBF测试报告》
7.0 相关文件
7.1《信赖信实验控制程序》
7.2《产品开发管理办法》
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