新概念英语第二册Lesson 15 语法.doc

Lesson 15 语法 直接引语变间接引语（宾语从句）
I. 概念：
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为★①陈述句、②一般疑问句、③特殊疑问句和④祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的a结构，b人称、c时态、d时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?
II. 结构变化
主句动词的变化
★一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said变为said (that)，而said to sb.则变为told sb.。
当直接引语是一般疑问句，则要变为asked / asked sb.+ if / whether
当直接引语是特殊疑问句，要变为asked sb.+ what等特殊疑问词引导的句子。
例如： Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”→ Mr. Black said that he was busy.
“I'll go to your farm tomorrow,” he said to her. →He told her that he would go to her farm the next day
He said, “Are you ready?” →He asked (us) if / whether we were ready.
He said, “What do you want to do?” →He asked what I wanted to do.
★★III. 从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。
① 直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。
② 如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。
③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。
例如：①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
③ His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
★★IV.从句动词时态的变化
1. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。
例如： He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework
She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。
①一般现在时→一般过去时；
②一般过去时→过去完成时；
③现在进行时→过去进行时；
④现在完成时→过去完成时；
⑤一般将来时→过去将来时；
⑥过去完成时→过去完成时（不变）；
⑦过去进行时→过去进行时（不变）。
例如: The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late.
He said to me, “I am writing a letter.” →He told me that he was writing a letter.
3. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
练习：
I. 将下列句子由直接引语变为间接引语。
1、He said , “Mother, the boy is very naughty.”
2、He said to me, “I have left my book in your room.”
3、Kitty said “I’ll call again after supper this evening.”
4、She said, “I will come here again tonight.”
5、He said, “I arrived yesterday morning.”
6、She said , “My sister will be back tomorrow morning.”
7、“The children had better go to bed early,” she said.
8、He said , “I have lost my umbrella.”
9、Paul said, “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
10. She said, “I will come this evening.”
11. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.”

12.“I am very happy to visit your factory,” he said to me
.
13.“He was here a few weeks ago, and he came again yesterday,” she said

14.“I’ve bought a new car for you,” he said to me.
15.“I joined the League in 2000,” Xiao Li said.
16.She said to Mary, “I saw you yesterday.”
II.每空一词：
1. “I am having supper,” he said.
He said that _______ having supper.
2. “I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me.
Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film.
3. “I went home with my sister,” she said.
She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister.
4. The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.”
The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon.
5. “I met her yesterday,” he said to me.
He told me that he _______ met her the day _______.
6. “You must come here before five,” he said.
He said that I _______ to go _______ before five.
7. “I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said.
She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______.
8. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there
9. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ ______ ______ wallet.10
10. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her.