八年级英语上 写作指导和中考题实战演练教案人教版.doc

一. 教学内容：写作指导和中考题实战演练二. 写作步骤：在写一篇文章时，如果一看到题目马上就动笔写，这样写出来的文章毛病肯定不少。为了写出更精彩的文章来，还得讲求点方法。（一）认真审题，明确要求审题是写好文章的前提，写文章前应认真分析所给的材料提示，明确题目要求。主要注意以下几个方面：1. 审文体。首先要弄清写何种体裁的文章。体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。应用文包括书信、通知、日记、便条等。明确了文章的体裁，就按各类体裁文章的具体要求来写。2. 审格式。各种体裁的文章都有其特有的格式，以应用文中的书信为例，其格式较复杂，不但信头、称呼、正文、结尾、签字五个部分都要写全，而且每个部分又各有要求，下笔前对这些格式都应该有明确的认识。3. 审人称。弄清所写文章应用何种人称，用第一人称、第二人称，还是第三人称，如写日记，则通常要求用第一人称。因为每个句子都可能涉及到人称，如果审题时人称有误，这样写出来的文章差不多每个句子都有问题。由此可见，审人称是写作时不可缺少的步骤之一。（二）紧扣主题，组织要点一篇文章优劣的评判依据之一是内容。因此，在认真审题、明确要求的基础上，应逐个地、完整无缺地把内容要点列出来，对于以图画内容的提示，要注意仔细观察图画内容。写作时，必要的细节要紧扣主题，适当的发挥要适度，不要离题太远。以下面的材料为例：在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要的作用。请根据下表所给提示为广大学生喜爱的学英语报写一篇题为On the Internet的征文稿。信息看国内外新闻、获取其他信息通讯发e-mail、打电话学习上网上学校、阅读各种书籍、自学外语娱乐欣赏音乐、观看体育比赛、玩棋牌游戏生活购物、聊天（三）选词造句，表达准确 弄清要点之后，就可以选词造句，对各条要点进行英译。将要点译成英语时，力求语言准确得当，主要使用最熟悉的常用词汇和基本句型。同时要尽可能多地使用较高级的语法结构和词汇，如非谓语动词、复合句等。运用较复杂的结构是提高文章档次必不可少的措施之一。People need a placeThey can rest and enjoy themselves there . People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves .通过比较这两个句子，不难看出第二句较第一句增强了句子的紧凑性及连贯性。（四）整理成篇，行文连贯 在根据要点完成连词成句的步骤之后，要分清文章的层次，弄清先说什么，后说什么，要把这些句子重新排列组合起来，使之前后连贯咸一篇完整的短文。同时要注意句与句之间的过渡要自然，即在需要处加上适当的并列词（如and，both and，as well as，not only but also，either or ）、递进词（如besides，moreover ）、因果词（如because，for，therefore，thus ）、转折词（如but，while ）等。（五）重视文章开头和结尾俗语说“Well begun is half done .”，写好文章的开头十分重要。一篇文章如何开头，办法当然极多，无法一一列举。下面是常见的几种：1. 说明事情发生的时间、地点或背景。2. 介绍主要人物。3. 描写一个紧张或有趣的场面。4. 写一个短的对话。5. 提出一个命题（即结论性的话）。6. 提出一个问题。7. 提出一个错误的或似是而非的说法。8. 举出一个实例或现象。9. 引用一个统计数字。10. 引用一句名言或格言。一般说来，前四种方式可用于叙事文和描写文，后六种方式可用于说明文和议论文。无论写哪一种文章，开头的段落或部分都以简短为宜。这一部分的目的，无非是引起话题或提出问题，使读者明了文章要谈何人何事。这一点说清楚了，就该进入正文，那才是读者真正想看的部分。如果开头的部分太长，不仅浪费篇幅而且也浪费读者的时间，甚至还会使全文各部分比例失调，重点偏移，中心不突出等。如果写一篇短文，开头的部分可占全文总长度的十分之一左右，最多也不要超过十分之二。有时候甚至可以将开头并入正文的第一部分。这样就看不出开头的段，只是一两句起了开头的作用。初学写作的人最好采用“直截了当”、“开门见山”式的开头，因为这有助于抓住重点、避免离题。取得一些写作经验之后，也可以试用由另外一事或一人引起正题的办法，但要注意使过渡要自然而迅速。这个写法多用于叙事和描写，例如说故事可从一个次要人物说起，然后引出主要角色。叙事文和描写文的结尾很难说有什么固定的方法，原则上是要把事情说完，或至少可以告一段落。有一点可以考虑：把最重要、最有趣或给人印象最深的一点放到最后说。这样便产生了一个高潮，使读者看完文章还可以有所回味。说明文和议论文在很多情况下，都是以某种结论性的话来结束的。如果文章以一个命题开头，结尾最好是用不同的文字重申命题的意思。如果以一个问题开头，那么结尾就应该是那个问题的解答。其他结尾的方法在这儿就不一一列举了。（六）检查复核文章写好之后，要进行认真检查，全面检查文章的文体、人称、格式、内容、语法、逻辑等，发现问题及时纠正，使写出来的文章更加完美。记叙文记叙文又称叙述文，它是以记人叙事为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的文体。介绍人物的生平事迹，这是记人；记叙事情的发生发展和前因后果，这是记事。但是，记人和记事常常是不可绝然分开的。因此，同一篇记叙文常常是既记人又叙事。1. 写记叙文首先应明确写作目的，即中心思想。文章的整篇内容都应以这一中心思想为核心展开，否则就会离题万里，不知所云。 2. 记叙文的五大要素。为了使读者清楚完整地了解一件事的起因，经过和结尾，在记叙文中一定要交待清楚“五W”，即who（何人），what（何事），when（何时），where（何地）和why（为什么）。3. 写记叙文时要恰当安排写作次序。通常有顺叙，倒叙及插叙三种方式。一般写记叙文用顺叙，即以事件发生的时间先后为线索，进行叙述的方式。若没有明确的时间，则往往使用表明先后顺序的标志词，如first, then, after, then, finally等。但是为了使文章生动，或使事件更好地展现在读者面前，也常常使用倒叙或插叙。4. 写作时的人称及时态。写文章之前应选定人称。记叙文常用第一或第三人称，不用第二人称，绝不允许时而用这一人称，时而又换用另一人称。使用时态要注意“瞻前顾后”。写报道、故事等文章时，常用一般过去时，以过去某一时刻为基点，瞻前是“过去完成时”，顾后是“过去将来时”。叙述当前事件时，常用一般现在时，以现在为基点，瞻前是一般过去时或现在完成时（由其对现在影响而定），顾后则是一般将来时。最后，还应该锤炼自己的语言，使语言富有表现力，尽可能多地改变表达句型，恰当地运用多种修辞手法，能使文章增色不少。参考范文假如你参加了国际中校学生交换留学项目（the International Students Exchange Program），请根据以下提示，用英语写一篇文章，向你的同学介绍你的感受，主要内容如下：1. 时间：200120022. 留学国家：美国3. 居住家庭：史密斯先生家4. 居住家庭情况：史密斯夫妇，上中学的女儿5. 就读学校情况：约克镇（York Town）公立学校；教师严格；授课风趣；学习已开始有困难，后来赶上了。6. 感受：史密斯全家对自己照顾很好；美国人比较尊重孩子，但不娇惯（indulge），学生课业负担小，有充分时间自己学习。范文：I was lucky to have been chosen to the International Students Exchange Program. I lived in an American family from 2001 to 2002, where I was taken good care of by the Smiths and their daughter who was a middle school student . They live in a large and comfortable house. And they have cars of their own. They have a nice and happy life. I spent the two years studying in a public school in the beautiful York Town. The teachers were very strict, but they had ways to make their lessons lively and interesting. At the beginning, I felt difficult to learn what I was studying. A few weeks later, I caught up with the others by working hard. What impresses me most is that the Americans respect their children, but Americans dont indulge them. The students dont have much homework to do, so they are able to learn more freely by themselves .In short, I have learned a lot in America. I have realized that only knowledge and hard work can make our country richer and stronger.【模拟试题】一. 单项填空：（ ）1. At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the_ of the running water.A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound（ ）2. Your digital watch is quite nice. Where did you buy_ ? I want to buy_, too.A. one; oneB. it; itC. it; oneD. one; it（ ）3. Heilongjiang is in the _ of China. A. northeast B. northeastern C. northwest D. northwestern（ ）4. _ a player, Im looking forward _ the 2008 Olympic Games.A. For; at B. As ; to C. With ; for D. Of ; to（ ）5.It was snowing hard _ we had to stay at home and watch TV.A. thatB. soC. butD. because（ ）6. The experts think that Indias population may be _ than Chinas_2020.A. much; byB. more; inC. larger; byD. larger; on（ ）7. It is _ nice of you to say so.A. trulyB. trueC. reallyD. real（ ）8. Do you know _ lady in blue? Yes. She is a teacher of a university.A. the B. aC. an D. /（ ）9. With the help of the Internet, news can _ every corner of the world.A. arriveB. reachC. goD. get（ ）10. Have you mended your shoes, Bob? Yes, I _ them twenty minutes ago.A. have mended B. mendC. had mendedD. mended（ ）11 This kind of food _ cool, clean and dry according to the instruction.A. should be carried B. must be put C. should be placed D. must be kept（ ）12. Its important _ the piano well.A. of him to play B. for him to play C. of him playing D. for him playing（ ）13 I want to know _do to help my neighbour.A. what I canB. what can IC. how I canD. how can I（ ）14 Dont be afraid of asking for information _ it is needed.A. whenB. afterC. althoughD. unless（ ）15. Is the girl _ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend? Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.A. whom B. which C. who D. whose二. 完型填空：Canada is the second largest country in the world. It is over 7,000 kilometres from the _16_ coast to the east. It _17_ six time zones. _18_ it is9 a.m. in Vancouver on the west coast, it is 1 : 30 p.m. in St. Johns on the east coast. English and French _19_ the two main languages in Canada. About 60 percent of _20_ people speak English, and about 25 percent speak French. More _21_ 70 percent of its population live in cities near the US border（边境）.Ottawa is the capital. Every year millions of tourists go there to _22_ museums and takepart in the cultural（文化的）activities. Toronto is the largest city of the country_23_ about 2.5 million people. Montreal is _24_ second biggest French-speaking city in the world.The maple leaf is the national symbol of Canada. The Canadian flag has a red maple leaf on a red _25_ white background.（ ）16. A. westB. eastC. southD. north（ ）17. A. isB. hadC. hasD. have（ ）18. A. WhichB. WhatC. WhereD. When（ ）19. A. areB. isC. will beD. has been（ ）20. A. theirB. hisC. itsD. our.（ ）21. A. upB. overC. aboutD. than（ ）22. A. seeB. visitC. lookD. find（ ）23. A. withB. forC. fromD. at（ ）24. A. aB. anC. theD. /（ ）25. A. orB. andC. butD. however三. 阅读理解： （A）Henry was a carpenter（木匠）of our village. Once I asked him to make a dining table for my wife. He made it just the right size to fill the space between the two windows. When I arrived home that evening, Henry was drinking a cup of tea and writing out his bill for his work.My wife said to me, quietly, “Thats his ninth cup of tea today.” But she said loudly, “Its a beautiful table, dear, isnt it?”“I wont decide about that until I see that bill.” I said.Henry laughed and gave me his bill for the work. It said:BILLOne dining tableJune 10, 1995Cost of wood17.00Paint（油漆）1.50Work, 8 hours（1 an hour）8.00Total（总计）36.50When I was looking at the bill, Henry said, “Its been a fine day, hasnt it? Quite sunny.”“Yes, I said. Tin glad it is only the 10th of June.”“Me too,” said Henry. “You wait itll be a bit hotter by the end of the month.”“Yes. Hotter and more expensive. Dining tables will be 20 more expensive on June 30th, wont they, Henry?”Henry looked hard at me for half a minute. There was a little smile in his two blue eyes. I gave his bill back to him.“If it isnt too much trouble, Henry,” I said, “Please add it up again. You can forget the date.”I paid him 26.50 and he was happy to get it.（ ）26. Why did Henry talk about weather when the writer was looking at the bill ?A. Because it was a fine day indeed.B. Because he wanted the writer to look at the bill carefully.C. Because he wanted to tell the writer what the weather was like.D. Because he didnt want the writer to go through the bill carefully.（ ）27. Why did the writer say that dining tables would be 20 more expensive by the end of June?A. Because he thought Henry would almost certainly add the date to the cost of the dining table.B. Because it was difficult to make dining tables in hot weather.C. Because paint would be more expensive.D. Because the cost of wood would be more expensive.（ ）28. The writer thought Henry would ask for if he made a dining table on the last day of June.A. 26.50 B. 56.50 C. 46.50 D. 20.00（ ）29. When the writer gave him the money, Henry was happy because .A. he got the money easilyB. he didnt have to add up the cost againC. he got what he should get for his workD. he got much money for his work（ ）30. From the story we know that .A. Henry had written out the bill before the writer got homeB. Henry still wanted to get 36.50 for his work in the endC. Henry made a mistake in the billD. Henry tried to get more money for his work（B）From the time we were babies we have been taught manners. We are taught how to hold a knife and fork and not to talk with our mouths full. We are taught how to shake hands and when to stand and when to sit and the way to introduce people.Sometimes good manners in one place are very bad manners somewhere else. Almost everywhere eating together means that people are very friendly to each other. But in parts of Polynesia（波利尼西亚）it is bad manners to be seen eating beside each other. So they politely turn their backs to each other when they are taking food.Some East Africans spit four times as a kind of blessing（祝福）. They do it to show that they want a sick person to get well, or to bless a new-born baby. In most other places, spitting means something completely different. It usually shows an unhealthy habit. In many countries, it may mean that you hate someone.When we go to visit someone we say “Hello!” or “How are you?” or things like that. But if you are visiting an East African village, everyone will be very careful not to pay attention to you. The polite thing there will be for you to go quietly, without speaking to anyone, and sit beside your friend. You should wait until he has finished what he is doing and then he will begin talking to you.In a village in Arab, a visitor will walk behind all the tents until he gets to the one he wants to visit. If he passes in front, he will be invited into each tent and asked to eat. It is rude to refuse.（ ）31. From this passage we know .A. its good manners to use a knife and fork to eatB. its bad manners to stand and talkC. its good manners not to talk with our mouths fullD. how to shake hands when we introduce people（ ）32. In many places, spitting may mean .A. you give a new-born baby the blessingB. you want a sick person to get wellC. you hate someoneD. you show your love to your relatives or friends（ ）33. If you visit an East African village, you .A. should say “Hello!” or “How are you?” to othersB. should talk to the villagers quietlyC. should be very careful and not to pay any attention to othersD. must wait until your friend has finished his work and then begin to talk to him（C）I was sleeping soundly last night when I was awakened by someones groans（呻吟）. I listened, and heard it was from Sam, a student from Africa. I really wanted to go on sleeping, as I had insomnia（失眠）and had just fallen asleep, but I couldnt because Sam groaned louder and louder, showing he was seriously ill.At that time, Robbie, a student from China, also got up to help. We found some pills, got some water, and helped him sit up to take them, hoping this would make his pain go down a little and get over the difficult time. If only daytime would come soon, everything would become easier.Things went contrary（相反）to our wishes. Sams condition developed from bad to worse. We telephoned the emergency service, and in no time an ambulance stopped in front of our gate. We helped the medical（医疗）workers carry Sam to the vehicle, and then both Robbie and I got in and took Sam to the hospital.We helped him go through many medical examinations. After all kinds of tests, we were told that the final diagnosis（诊断）was appendicitis（盲肠炎）. Luckily, Sam didnt need an operation because we brought him to the hospital in time. He got timely treatment.After Sam felt much better, we rushed back to prepare ourselves for the class. We were a little tired, but we had certainly done something good, something fight.（ ）34. Why couldnt the writer go on sleeping that night ?A. Because he was too excited that day.B. Because his roommates were watching football games on TV.C. Because one of his roommates was sick and groaning.D. Because he was sick.（ ）35. What does “vehicle” in the third paragraph refer to?A. Car. B. Ambulance. C. Taxi. D. Bus.（ ）36. Why didnt Sam need an operation?A. Because Sam didnt have enough money for an operation.B. Because Sam was sent to the hospital in time.C. Because Sam was much afraid of having an operation.D. This article doesnt tell us the reason.（ ）37. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Sam, Robbie and the writer lived in the same room.B. Sam was feeling very well after taking some pills.C. Robbie and the writer also went to the hospital.D. Robbie and the writer didnt sleep after they came back from the hospital.四. 综合填空：Will it matter if you dont take your breakfast ? A short time ago, a test 38 w_ given in the United States. People of different 39 a_, from 12 to 83, were asked to have a test. During the test, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts and 40s_