同位语讲解练习.doc

同位语从句
1、概述
用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact，idea，news，hope，belief，thought，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning, instruction，reason，information, question等之后，对这些名词进行说明或解释。引导同位语从句的词除连词that，whether外，还有关系代词what, which, who, 以及关系副词how，when，where，why等。
It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟危害健康，这是事实。
I have no idea what you mean.我一点儿也不明白你的意思。
He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫无疑问，他是有罪的。
2、由从属连词that，whether引导的同位语从句。
Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.有消息透露，大学将招收更多的中学毕业生。
The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要加以考虑。
The idea that computers can recognize human voicessurprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。
I didn't receive the news that the meeting had been put off.我没有听到会议被推迟的消息。
3、由关系代词引导的同位语从句。
The questionwho should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。
You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。
4、由关系副词引导的同位语从句。
I have no ideawhen he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。
They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常为如何演奏乐曲写出精确的说明。
5、定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
（1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进一步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。
The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。(定语从句)
The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。(同位语从句)
（2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。
The fact (that) we talked about is important.我们所谈论的情况很重要。(定语从句，that作从句中介词about的宾语)
The factthat he succeeded in the experimentpleased everybody.他的实验成功了，这使大家很高兴。(同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分)
（3）引导定语从句的when，where是关系副词，不但在句中充当句子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词；而引导同位语从句的when，where是关系副词，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先行词。
Gone forever are the days when Chinese people were bullied.中国人民受欺侮的时候一去不复返了。(定语从句，the days与when构成含义相当的搭配关系)
I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。(同位语从句，idea与when在含义上没有任何搭配关系)
（4）同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词，如：idea, belief, conclusion, impression，fact，news，idea，thought，hope，order, suggestion，belief等，而定语从句的先行词是各种抽象概念的词或具体概念的词。
He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday.他表示希望有一天能写小说。（同位语从句）
I will never forget the dayswhen we were in Liangxiang together.我永远忘不了我们在良乡的日子。（定语从句）
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同位语从句讲义及练习
一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质
　　在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。
二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句
1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）
　　例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。
　　析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。
2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）
　　例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。
　　析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加"是否"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。
3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。
　　例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
　　析：he will be back意义不完整，应加"什么时候"的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
　　例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意义不完整，应加"如何"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限
同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。
区分时可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。
例1：
1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
　　A. while B. that C. when D. as
　　析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
　　A. what B. that C. when D. as
　　析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
　　A. it B. which C. this D. that
　　析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
　　I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
　　A. it B. which C. this D. that
　　析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。
巩固性练习：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
　　A. that B. what C. why D. which
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
　　A. hat B. what C. which D. why
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
　　A. what B. that C. why D. when
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
　　A. which B. that C./ D. it
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
　　A. when B. that C. what D./
6. I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
　　A. if B. that C. whether D. which
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
　　A. when B. which C. what D. that
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
　　A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
　　A. that B. as C. of which D. which
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
　　A. whether B. where C. that D. when
　　Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?)
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同位语从句讲解与练习
1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
?
that引导的同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
句法功能上
that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。
在从句中不充当句子成分。
不可省。
that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，
还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作
动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用，是定语
如：
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作的宾语，可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
?
用适当的连接词填空：
It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning gray.
2.I have no idea _____ we can do with these waste materials.
3.____the doctor really doubts is____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4.It is hoped____nature will never be destroyed.
5.____do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6.-- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?
7. Word came____I was wanted at the office.
8.Do you know ____of them will be our new headmaster?
9.The teacher didn’t tell me ____we were wrong.
10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child ____he or she wants.
?
B.单项选择
It was true _____ Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does ____matter much ____he can’t come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3.--What are you anxious about?
-- ____
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4.The reason ____the little actress has been such a success is ____she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. ____leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6.I really don’t know _____I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7.? Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember ____.
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8.--What do you think of China?
--____different life is today from ____it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9.Give this to ____you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10.____troubles me is ____I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
?
答案
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whatever
B. 1—5 CABBB 6—10 ACACD

练 习 二
1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
　　A.that B.what C.why D.which
　　2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
　　A.that B.what C.which D.why
　　3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
　　A.what B.that C.why D.when
　　4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
　　A.which B.that C./D.it
　　5.I have no idea ____ he will start.
　　A.when B.that C.what D./
　　6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
　　A.if B.that C.whether D.which
　　7.The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
　　A.when B.which C.what D.that
　　8.The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
　　A.which B.whether C.that D.what
　　9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
　　A.that B.as C.of which D.which
　　10.He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
　　A.whether B.where C.that D.when
1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
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同位语中有一些名词如fact, idea, news, word, hope, promise, suggestion, reply, problem, belief, doubt, truth, order, thought等，它们本身有一定的意义，但表达得不够具体。为了使其表达的意义更加具体明确，其后常跟有一个从句，用来补充说明该名词的内容，这个从句就叫做同位语从句。例如：
The news that our team had won the match spread the whole country。
有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，同位语从句也常与要说明的分词分开。例如：
Word came that he died yesterday.
消息传来说他昨天死了。
一.同位语从句的引导词
1.表示陈述意义时通常用that。注意that不能省略。例如：
The fact that he didn”t pass the college entrance examination disappointed his parents。
The king made a promise that he would make anyone rich if one could cure his illness.
2. 当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如：
I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.
Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.
3. 表示“是否”的意思时只能用whether，不能用if。这一点与主语从句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
4。 表示疑问时也可用其他引导词。例如：
This student asked a good question why pollution can”t be stopped.
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同位语从句讲解与练习
1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
?
that引导的同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
句法功能上
that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。
在从句中不充当句子成分。
不可省。
that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，
还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作
动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用，是定语
如：
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作的宾语，可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
?
用适当的连接词填空：
It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning gray.
2.I have no idea _____ we can do with these waste materials.
3.____the doctor really doubts is____my mother will recover