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英语混淆词词义辨析(二)
accomplish, complete和finish
accomplish 通常接aim, task, voyage, journey 等名词, 有时兼有“达成(效果)”之意。
例如:The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探险队在五周内完成了航程。
complete比accomplish 具体, 可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词, 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成”,主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”。
例如:The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼将于本月底建成。
finish 常可与 complete互换, 但不像complete 正式,常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段”的意思。
例如:I have finished the book. 我已读完了这本书。This machine part needs surface finishing. 这个机械零件需要精密加工。
ability, capability与capacity
ability 指某一方面的才能。后通常接不定式。
例如:That boy has the ability to write novel. 那个男孩有写小说的能力。
capability着重强调人的才干。其后可与of / for doing连用。复数形式capabilities表示潜在的能力或尚未开发出来的能力,可与limitations(缺点,缺陷)相对。
例如:As an excellent table tennis player, Chinese Wang Hao has the capability of winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. 作为一名优秀的乒乓球运动员,中国的王皓有能力在2008年北京奥运会上夺取金牌。
capacity 常指学习,理解能力或较全面的才能。其后可接to do / of doing / for doing。
例如:I appreciate his capacity of / for making friends. 我欣赏他的交友能力。
abroad adv. /aboard adv. /board n.&v.
前两个词是副词,词形相近,容易记混。这两个词的意思差异很大。abroad意为“在国外”;而aboard的意思是“登(机),上(车船等)”,与动词go搭配来表示登机等;最后一个词board常用来表示“登机,上船”,是动词。
例:I have decided to study abroad next year. 我已决定明年去国外读书。
It is time to go aboard. 现在该登机了。
We are asked to board half an hour before departure time. 起飞前半小时之内,我们必须登机。
absorb v. /concentrate v.
absorb原义为“吸收”,引申词义为“吸引(注意力,精力等)”,常用于be absorbed in sth. 表示“被……吸引住,专注于”;concentrate的意思是“集中精神,全神贯注,聚精会神”,多与on或upon连用。
例:The picture absorbed my attention. 我被这幅画迷住了。
He found his brother absorbed in the watching of the match. 他发现弟弟在聚精会神地看比赛。
She tried to concentrate on her work in the university. 她试图专心致志地在大学里工作。
accomplish vt. /complete vt.&a. /achieve vt.
accomplish的词义是“成功地完成每项任务”,尤其指经过一定努力后完成;complete主要指“全部完成了,没有剩下”,另外complete也是形容词,意为“完整的,完全的”;achieve与accomplish相近,指“经过努力最终达到预期的目标”。
例:I knew that I had accomplished something during my first year in Beijing. 我知道在北京的第一年我已经取得了一些成就。
I have just completed the revision of this report. 我刚刚完成对报告的修订。
He went to London without having achieved any success. 他一事无成便去了伦敦。
accurate a. /correct a. /exact a.
accurate的意思是“精确的,准确的”;correct的意思是“正确的,没有错误的”;exact的意思是“确切的,正好的”。
例:I need an accurate figure on what we have lost in the battle. 我需要有关战事损失的准确数字。
This is not the correct answer to that question. 这不是那个问题的正确答案。
These are the exact tools those people used several thousand years ago. 这些人几千年前用的就是这种工具。
acquire v. /require v. /inquire v.
这几个词词形、发音相近,容易记混。acquire的意思是“经过自己的努力获得,习得”;require的意思是“要求”;inquire的意思是“调查,询问,打听”。
例:She has acquired a new set of interests. 她现在又有了一些新的爱好。
The rules require us all to be present. 按规定我们都要出席。
Why don’t you inquire by telephone?你为什么不打电话询问一下呢?
actual /genuine /original /real /practical
actual指“实际上”、“事实上”存在或发生的事情,或人所共知的客观事实;genuine指与真实情况“一模一样”,“名符其实”,“真心的”;original指信息或消息等“原原本本”的情况,见解等“独到而非抄袭别人”;real指“真实存在的,不是假的或捏造的;practical指从实践、实用角度讲“实事求是的,可行的,有实际经验的”。
例:The actual cost of repairs was a lot less than we had expected.实际的修理费用比我们预期的要低得多。
This ring is genuine gold. 这枚戒指是真金的。
This is an original play, not an adaptation.这是一本原创剧本,不是改编而成的。
He is just a recent graduate experiencing the real world for the first time.
他只是一个刚毕业首次体验现实世界的毕业生。
This kind of product is worthless for all practical purposes.这种产品毫无实用价值。
adequate a. /sufficient a.
adequate常用来表示“充足的,完备的,完善的,胜任的”;sufficient则表示“在数量上是足够的,多的”。在表示充足的含义上前者更强调足够用来做某事,而后者则表示多,不缺乏。
例:His wages are adequate to support these people。他的收入足以养活这些人。
Two pounds of orange will be sufficient for the party,don’t buy more. 两磅柑桔就够聚会用的了,不必再多买了。
advantage n. /merit n. /virtue n.
advantage的主要意思是“优势,好处”,为可数名词,常用于短语take advantage of sth.;merit的主要意思是“优点,长处,好处,可取之处”,是可数名词,也是不可数名词;virtue的主要意思是“美德,品德,优点”,主要从事物的品质或价值的角度讲优点。
例:I said we could see certain advantages in a change. 我是说我们可以在改变中看到其优势。
He knew the merit of his work. 他了解他的工作的优点。
One of his virtues is that he never gets angry. 他的美德之一就是他从不生气。
affair n. /event n. /incident n.
affair的意思是“有关的事,事务,活动等”,如foreign affairs(外事),也常指婚外恋;event指“每日里发生的事件,事或活动,比赛项目”;incident同event意思相近,指“事件,事”,尤指较重大的、有影响的政治事件等。
例:They have no right to interfere in the domestic affairs of Iran. 他们无权干涉伊朗的内政。
The affair remained a complete mystery. 那件事至今还是个谜。
The important event of the week was the big storm. 那一周中的大事就是那场大暴风雪。
Coming events in the village include a dance-show and a treat for the school children.
村里即将发生的大事,就是招待学校的孩子们和舞蹈表演。
Our team won the silver medal in this event. 我们队获得该项目的银牌。
On the very day before I left, an incident occurred.事件就发生在我要离开的当天。
There were several incidents on the frontier between the two nations in the 50s.
50年代两国边境发生了许多大事。
afford v. /offer v. /provide v.
afford的意思是“有条件担负,支付得起”;offer的意思是“给予,提出,出价”;provide的意思是“提供,供给,为……做准备”,常与for, with一起连用。
例:John can’t afford to give so much time to it.
约翰花不起这么多时间来做这件事。
I don’t think we’ll be able to afford any travel any more.
我想我们没钱再旅行了。
They were friendly and even offered assistance.
他们很友好,甚至表示愿意帮助我们。
Mrs. Baines offered no comment on Susan’s situation.
贝恩太太对苏珊的处境未做任何评论。
On Sundays his landlord provided dinner as well as breakfast.
周日,他的房东为他既提供早餐又提供晚餐。
He provided for his family by working in a factory。
他靠在工厂做工来养家。
We must provide for the future.
我们必须为将来做好准备。
area n. /region n. /zone n. /district n.
area通常用于面积可测量或计算的地区,界限明确,但不指行政区划。
如:60 years ago, half French people were still living in the rural area.
region常指地理上有天然界限或具有某种特色(如气候、自然条件)自成一个单位的地区。
如:the Arctic regions北极地区。
另外region也指较大的行政单位。
如:Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
zone通常指地理上的“(地)带”,尤指图表上的环形地带。
如:refugees from the war zone从战争地区来的难民。
district指行政划分的区,比region小,通常指市镇内的一区。
alive指“活着的,处于工作状态的”的意思,和dead反义,常作表语。
live指“有生命的”,即having life,“正处于工作状态”的意思。
vivid指人的表情、故事等“生动”、“逼真”、“活泼”等。
lively指人及生物等充满生机和活力,即“活泼的”、“充满生气的”。
affect v. /influence v. 这两个词都有“影响”的意思。
1)affect vt. 作“影响”讲时可分三种情况:
① 直接的、有形的力量作用于某事物或事件并使之发生变化。
例:They try to affect the size of a crop by using fertilizer.
他们施肥料以使庄稼长大。
② 用于表示对某事物或事产生不好的影响。
例:Exposure to intense light affects one’s eyes adversely.
暴露在强光之下会损害眼睛。
③ 指对另外一个人感情上的影响,感染,感动。
例:Music affects some people very strongly.
音乐对一些人有强烈的感染力。
He was much affected at the sad sight.
他深为这一悲伤的情景所感动。
2)influence通常指“不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响”,往往是间接的,通过说服或以实际行动树立榜样而对他人产生影响。
例:He was influenced by a middle school teacher to take up the study of medicine.
他受到一位中学教师的影响而学了医。
allowance n. /tuition n.
allowance 的意思是“生活费,补贴”;tuition的意思是“学费”。
例:They gave her a small allowance but didn’t pretend to like her work.
他们给她一小笔生活费,但对她的工作却不甚满意。
At this school the tuition is free,but you have to pay for the books you need.
这所学校免收学费,但书费要你自己负担。
approve v. /permit v. /admit v.
approve指较正式地对某种事情表示认可、赞同或批准;
permit指允许、不禁止某人干某事;
admit指容纳,允许进入,承认。
例:The mayoress approved the new building plans.女市长批准了新建筑计划。
She won’t permit dogs in the house. 她不准许家中有狗。
He was admitted to the commission. 他被该委员会接纳。
approach n. /method n.
这两个词都可以表示方法。
approach常指“针对某一问题的解决处理方法”,后跟介词to;
method泛指“任何方法”,适用范围比approach要广,后常跟介词of。
例:There is no very easy approach to mathematics. 数学研究上没有什么捷径。
It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening. 很奇怪,他们怎么会选择这种方式来打发这个晚上。
appoint v. /assign v.
appoint的意思是“任命,指派,委任”,后多跟职位一类的名词;
assign的相关意思是“分配,分派,指定”,后多跟具体的工作。
例:They appointed him Minister of Education. 他们任命他为教育部长。
She was appointed to the Chairmanship of the Committee. 她被任命为委员会的主席。
The problem was assigned to a commission. 这项任务交给了一个特别委员会去处理。
I assign you to wash the dishes. 我分配你去洗盘子。
apparatus n. /instrument n. /device n. /appliance n.
apparatus主要指“器械,装置,仪器,器官”;
instrument主要指“仪器,工具,乐器”;
device指“器具,装置,仪表,手段”;
appliance指“器具,器械,家用电器等”。
例:The television men set up their apparatus, ready to film. 摄制组的人架好机器准备开拍。
All surgical instruments must be sterilized before use. 手术前,所有手术器械必须消毒。
The television receiver is an electronic device. 电视接收机是一种电子设备。
The kitchen is equipped with modern appliances. 厨房装备了现代化的炊事用具。
annoyed a. /upset a.
annoyed的意思是“不快的,恼火的”(比angry的程度要低),从生气的角度讲不高兴;
upset的意思是“不高兴,难过,不舒服”,从感到别扭的角度讲不高兴。
例:She was annoyed at your saying that.
你这么说让她很不自在。
I’ll be quite upset now, if you don’t come.如果你不来,我会很不安的。
announce v. /declare v. /claim v.
announce的意思是“通知,宣布(结果,决定等)”;
declare的意思是“宣布(公告,法律等),声明”;
claim意为“声称,要求得到,认领”。
例:She announced that the singer would give one extra song. 她宣布歌手将再加唱一首歌。
The United States and China had declared their normalization of diplomatic relations.
中美双方宣布了双边外交关系的正常化。
They declared martial law in the mining communities. 他们宣布对矿区实行军事管制。
If anybody owns this camera, will he or she please come forward and claim it?请这部相机的失主前来认领。
She claims to be as good a pianist as Themelis!她声称自己的钢琴弹得与Themelis一样棒。
appreciate正误用法
■能再次收到你的来信, 我们将十分感激。
误:We shall appreciate to hear from you again.
正:We shall appreciate hearing from you again.
析:appreciate(感激)后接动词时,要用动名词,不用不定式。
■谢谢你的好意。
误:I appreciate you for your kindness.
正:I appreciate your kindness.
正:Thank you for your kindness.
析:其后只能接“事”作宾语,而不能接“人”作宾语,此用法与 thank 的用法恰恰相反。
■如果你能帮助我做这事,我将十分感激。
误:I would appreciate very much if you would help me with it.
正:I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it.
析:appreciate(感激)是及物动词,其后不能没有宾语。另外也有 的词书(如《朗文当代英语词典》)将 I would appreciate it if...视为一个固定句型。另外有时其中的 if从句也可能换成 when从句。如:We really appreciate it when she offered to help.(她来帮忙了,我们十分感激)。
apart正误用法
■这两座房子相距200米。
误:The two houses are apart 200 metres.
正:The two houses are 200 metres apart.
析:表示相距多远,apart应放在表示距离的词语之后。又如:Our birthdays are exactly a month apart.( 我们俩的生日刚好 相差一个月)。
■你们的住处相距多远?
误:How apart do you live?
正:How far apart do you live?
析:询问相隔多远时,要用 How far apart...?
■除了有几个拼写错误外,这篇文章写得挺好的。
误:The article is good apart for a few spelling mistakes.
正:The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.
析:表示“除...外”,用 apart from,不是 apart for。比较:except for(除...外)。
anticipate正误用法
■我估计他会来。
误:I anticipate him to come.
正:I anticipate that he will come.
析:anticipate(预计,预想)之后通常不接不定式的复合结构。
■你预料会遇到麻烦吗?
误:Do you anticipate to meet any trouble?
正:Do you anticipate meeting any trouble?
析:anticipate(预计,预想)之后接动词,通常要用动名词,而不 用不定式。
■我们期待度过一个愉快的假期。
误:We anticipate for a pleasant vacation.
正:We anticipate a pleasant vacation.
析:anticipate(预想,期待)是及物动词
and正误用法
■有各种各样的书(即书有好坏之分)。
误:There are books or books.
正:There are books and books.
析:用 and 连接两个相同的名词,可表示“许多”或“有各种各 样的”(即有好的也有坏的)。又如:I waited for hours and hours.(我不知等了多少个小时)。
■他说得既不清楚也不正确。
误:He didn’t speak clearly and correctly.
正:He didn’t speak clearly or correctly.
析:在否定词之后两者均被否定的成分要用 or 连接而不用 and。误句的实际意思是:他没有说得既清楚又正确(部分否定)。
■要是他这样说,那他就是个骗子。
误:If he said so, and he is a liar.
正:If he said so, he is a liar.
析:if 引导的是条件状语从句,其后的为主句,其前不能用并列 连词 and(否则全句为并列句)。
■他写过许多书,大部分都很受欢迎。
误:He wrote a lot of books, and most of them being popular.
正:He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular.
正:He wrote a lot of books, and most of them were popular.
正:He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.
析:有 and,全句为并列句,and 后的句子应有完整的谓语。若无and,则全句可能为简单句(如用 being 的一句)或复合句( 如用 which 的一句)。(
alternative正误用法
■我没有别的办法,只好向警方告发了他。
误:I had no alternative but report him to the police.
正:I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
析:have no alternative but to do sth 意为“除了做某事外没 有其它的办法”,but 后通常接带 to 不定式。比较:There was no alternative but to leave. (没有别的办法,只好离 开)。
■他没有别的办法,只好呆在家里。
误:He had no alternative to stay at home.
正:He had no alternative to staying at home.
析:have no alternative to doing sth( 除了做某事外没有别的 办法)与 have no alternative but to do sth 大致同义。注 意其中的 to是介词,表示“代替”的对象,如:There areseveral alternatives to your plan.( 有好几个可以代替你 的计划的方案)。
■你要么发言,要么保持沉默。
误:You have the alternative to speaking or keeping quiet.
正:You have the alternative of speaking or keeping quiet.
析:the alternative 后接介词 to 或 of 的区别是:用 to 表示 代替,用 of 表同位关系。如:We took the alternative of keeping quiet.(我们选择了保持沉默)。(from )
allow正误用法
◆我们不允许在此抽烟。
误:We don’t allow to smoke here.
正:We don’t allow smoking here.
析:smoke(允许)之后可接动名词作宾语,但通常不接不定式。
◆我父母不允许我深夜还留在外头。
误:My parents don’t allow me staying out late.
正:My parents don’t allow me to stay out late.
析:smoke(允许)之后可接动名词作宾语, 通常不接不定式。但是若 其后跟有间接宾语, 则可用不定式, 即可用于 allow sb to do sth。
◆人们不准在此大声讲话。
误:People are not allowed talking loudly here.
正:People are not allowed to talk loudly here.
正:We do not allow people to talk loudly here.
析:上面误句主要是误认为 talking loudly 是动词 allow的宾语 (所以在其后接动名词), 而其实这是一个被动结构, talking loudly 不是动词 allow 的宾语, 而是主语 people 的补语。若将此转化为主动结构, 即为 allow sb to do sth 这一句型。
◆这些事实只能有一种解释。
误:The facts allow for only one explanation.
正:The facts allow of only one explanation.
析:不要混淆 allow for(考虑到,体谅)与 allow of(容许,对.. .留有余地)。如:Don’t forget to allow for trafficdelays.(不要忘记把在路上交通耽误的时间考虑在内)。
admit正误用法
◆他承认偷了钱。
误:He admitted to have stolen the money.
正:He admitted having stolen the money.
析:admit(承认)后通常要接动名词作宾语,而不接不定式。
◆他承认她做得很好。
误:He admitted her to do it well.
正:He admitted that she did it well.
析:admit(承认)可以接带不定式的复合结构, 但在通常情况下, 这个不定式是 to be:We all admit him to be foolish.(我们 都认为他很蠢)。
◆十八岁以下的孩子不能看此电影。
误:Children under 18 are not admitted to see the film.
正:Children under 18 are not admitted to the film.
析:误句错在使用了 admit(允许) sb to do sth 这一句式的被动 式,因为在通常情况下,admit 不带不定式的复合结构( 除非 这个不定式为 to be)。请注意正句中介词 to 的使用, 又如: This ticket admits you to one lecture.(凭此票可听一次讲座)。/ He was admitted to the Party.(他被接受入党)。
◆他打开门让我进了屋。
误:He opened the door and admitted me to enter into the house.
正:He opened the door and admitted me into the house.
析:因 admit(让...进入)已含有动态意味, 所以一般不与 enter, go in 之类的词连用。
acquaintance正误用法
◆我和他有些相识。
误:I have some acquaintances with him.
正:I have some acquaintance with him.
析:acquaintance 表示对某人或某事物的认识或了解,是不可数名词,不用复数形式,但有时可用不冠词。如上句也可说成: I have an acquaintance with him. 又如:She has some acquaintance with French.(他懂点法语)。
◆他不是朋友,只是相熟。
误:He is not a friend, only acquaintance.
正:He is not a friend, only an acquaintance.
析:acquaintance 表示“相识的人”、“熟人”,是可数名词。又如:He is an old acquaintance.(他是个老相识)。He has many acquaintances.(他交游很广)。
◆我是在一次晚会上认识她的。
误:I made her acquaintances at a party.
正:I made her acquaintance at a party.
析:make one’s acquaintance(也可说成 make the acquaintance of sb)意为“结识某人”,为固定短语,其中 acquaintance不用复数。
accuse正误用法
◆警方控告他偷盗。
误:The police accused him for theft [stealing].
正:The police accused him of theft [stealing].
析:表示控告、指控、指责某人做某事,通常要用 accused sb of (doing) sth 这样的结构,注意不要将其中的介词 of 改为for,又如:He was accused of breaking the law.( 他被指 控违法)。
◆他被指控为同犯。
误:He was accused for an accomplice.
正:He was accused as an accomplice.
析:表示指控某人是...,英语用 accuse sb as...。
◆被告获判无罪。
误:The accuser was acquitted.
正:The accused was [were] acquitted.
析:accuser 指“控告者”,即“原告”;accused 指“被告”。the accused 可指一个或一些被告,因此用作主语时,其谓语 根据情况可用单数或复数。
abandon正误用法
◎他决定放弃这个计划。
误:He decided to abandon up the plan.
正:He decided to abandon the plan.
析:动词 abandon(放弃,抛弃,遗弃)通常不与副词 up 连用。比较:give up the plan(放弃计划)。
◎他早年弃文学医。
误:In his early day
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