七年级英语Module4 Section 1 Background Readings教案 外研社.doc

MODULE 4 My family
Part 2: Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 1: Background Readings
1. have got 用法一览表
句型
例句
．．．have got．．．
I think I have got one．（B3，L1）
解
析
（1）现在完成时结构have got在口语中相当于一般现在时have的意义，表示“有”。不过，在美国英语中常用have，而在英国英语中则常用have got。
他有一个兄弟。
He has got a brother．（英式）＝He has a brother．（美式）
⑵这两种表达结构在问句方式上略有不同，现在完成时结构只有一种疑问方式，即：Have／Has．．．got．．．？而一般现在时结构有两种疑问方式，即：Do／Does．．．have．．．？或Have ／Has．．．？
你有一把雨伞吗？
①Have you got an umbrella？
②Do you have an umbrella？
③Have you an umbrella？
注
意
这两种结构疑问句的回答略有不同。
①—Have you got a dictionary？
—Yes，I have．／No，I haven't．
②—Do you have a dictionary？
—Yes，I do．／No，Idon't．
考
点
链
接
1．Do you have a motorbike？（同义句）→　　　　you 　　　　a motorbike？
2．I don't have a mobile phone like that．→I　　　　 a mobile phone like that．
3．Paul has a pocket computer，doesn't he？→Paul has　　　　a pocket computer，　　　　he？
Keys：1．Have，got 2．haven't got 3．got，hasn't
2. What is a family?
A family of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1997A family is a domestic group of people, or a number of domestic groups, typically affiliated by birth or marriage, or by comparable legal relationships including domestic partnership, adoption, surname and in some cases ownership (as was the case in the Roman Empire).
Although many people (including social scientists) have understood familial relationships in terms of "blood," many anthropologists have argued that the notion of "blood" must be understood metaphorically, and in that in many societies family is understood through other concepts rather than "blood."
Article 16(3) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says, "The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State".
3. English kinship terminology
Most Western societies employ English kinship terminology. This kinship terminology is common in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families must be relatively mobile.
Members of the nuclear family use descriptive kinship terms:
●Mother: the female parent
●Father: the male parent
●Son: the males born of the mother; sired by the father
●Daughter: the females born of the mother; sired by the father
●Brother: a male born of the same mother; sired by the same father
●Sister: a female born of the same mother; sired by the same father
It is generally assumed that the mother's husband is also the genitor. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. Children who share one parent but not another are called "half-brothers" or "half-sisters." Children who do not share parents, but whose parents are married, are called "step-brothers" or "step-sisters." If a person is married to the parent of a child, but is not the parent of the child themselves, then they are the "step-parent" of the child, either the "stepmother" or "stepfather". Children who are adopted into a family are generally called by the same terms as children born into the family.
Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence; thus upon marriage a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and forms a new nuclear family (family of procreation). This practice means that members of one's own nuclear family were once members of another nuclear family, or may one day become members of another nuclear family.
Members of the nuclear families of members of one's own nuclear family may be lineal or collateral. When they are lineal, they are referred to in terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
●Grandfather: a parent's father
●Grandmother: a parent's mother
●Grandson: a child's son
●Granddaughter: a child's daughter
When they are collateral, they are referred to in more classificatory terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
●Uncle: father's brother, father's sister's husband, mother's brother, mother's sister's husband
●Aunt: father's sister, father's brother's wife, mother's sister, mother's brother's wife
●Nephew: sister's sons, brother's sons
●Niece: sister's daughters, brother's daughters
When separated by additional generations (in other words, when one's collateral relatives belong to the same generation as one's grandparents or grandchildren), these terms are modified by the prefix "great".
Most collateral relatives were never members of the nuclear family of the members of one's own nuclear family.
●Cousin: the most classificatory term; the children of aunts or uncles. Cousins may be further distinguished by degree of collaterality and generation. Two persons of the same generation who share a grandparent are "first cousins" (one degree of collaterality); if they share a great-grandparent they are "second cousins" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. If the shared ancestor is the grandparent of one individual and the great-grandparent of the other, the individuals are said to be "first cousins once removed" (removed by one generation); if the shared ancestor is the grandparent of one individual and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals are said to be "first cousins twice removed" (removed by two generations), and so on. Similarly, if the shared ancestor is the great-grandparent of one person and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals are said to be "second cousins once removed."
Distant cousins of an older generation (in other words, one's parents' first cousins) are technically first cousins once removed, but are often classified with "aunts" and "uncles".