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我院2007年洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的药敏结果和抗菌药物治疗分析
姚高琼1夏云2(1.重庆医科大学附属第一医院药剂科临床药学,重庆 400016;2. 重庆医科大学附属第一医院检验科,重庆 400016)
[摘要] 目的:监测我院临床分离的洋葱伯克霍德菌的耐药性及分析临床抗菌药物治疗方案,为临床医师和临床药师更好地治疗此菌引起的感染提供依据。方法: 分析我院2007年分离的17株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的药敏试验结果及临床治疗方案及效果。结果:该菌在我院临床分离细菌的检出率为0.13%。检出标本为各重症监护病房( ICU)病人的痰(15例)、尿液(1例)、导管尖端(1例),培养出细菌的时间最少为入院后3天,最长为入院后112天。药敏试验结果显示体外抗菌药物敏感率分别为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(88.2%)、头孢他啶(82.4%)、美洛培南(76.5%)、复方新诺明(64.7%),其次为环丙沙星(52.9%)、哌拉西林(52.9%)、头孢吡肟(41.2%)、亚胺培南仅29.4%;对多粘菌素E、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、替卡西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林、妥布霉素完全耐药。临床治疗方案根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物治疗有效(复查未检出菌为标准)的有9例,占52.9%。结论:洋葱伯克霍尔德菌是一种重要的院内感染病原菌,该菌具有多重耐药性,治疗上可选用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、美洛培南和复方新诺明,而不宜选用亚胺培南、氨基糖苷类及其他β-内酰胺酶类抗菌素。
关键词:洋葱伯克霍尔德菌;抗菌药物;药敏实验;药物治疗
[中图分类号] R969.3 [文献标识码] B [文章编号]W08-020
Susceptibility In vitro and antibacterial therapeutic regimen of
Burkholderia cepacia in 2007 in our hospital
YAO-gaoqiong 1 xiayun 2(1.Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital ,Chongqing Medical University ,Chongqing 400016;2. Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital ,Chongqing Medical University ,Chongqing 400016)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To discuss how to control such infections caused by
Burkholderia cepacia through monitoring the bacterial resistance and analyzeing the antibacterial therapeutic regimen of Burkholderia cepacia .METHODS Results of susceptibilitity test and antibacterial therapeutic regimen to 17 strains of Burkholderia cepacia splited in our hospital were analyzed. RESULTS Isolating rate of Burkholderia cepacia in our hospital was 0.13%. The sorts of specimens were sputum(15cases),urine(1case)and catheter tip(1case) in some intensive care units ( ICU).The least cultivated time was 3rd day after hospital admission ,and the long was d-112 . The susceptibilitive rate to some antibacterial of Burkholderia cepacia in vitro was : piperacillin sodium/tazobactam (88.2%), ceftazidine (82.4%) , meropenem (76.5%), SMZ-TMP (64.7%), ciprofloxacin (52.9%), piperacillin sodium (52.9%), cefepime (41.2%), imipenem (29.4%); and other antibacterial was zero, such as polymyxin E, ampicillin /sulbactam, gentamicin, amikacin, ticarcillin/potassium clavulanate, ticarcillin , tobramycin. Utilitive antibacterial therapeutic cases were 9 , and the judgement standard was no pathogenic bacterium when rechccked. CONCLUSION Burkholderia cepacia is an important hospital onset of infection ,and it had multidrug resistance. Piperacillin/ tazobactam , ceftazidime, meropenem and TMP-SMZ are of choice for the t reatment of B. cepacia infections. Imipenem , aminoglycosides and other beta-lactam antibiotics are not appropriate for the treatment of infections caused by B.cepacia.
Key Words: Burkholderia cepacia; antibacterial ; susceptibility testing ; drug treatment
洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia) 原名洋葱假单胞菌, 为革兰阴性需氧非发酵菌,广泛存在于自然界中,为人体条件致病菌。在20世纪80年代早期就有洋葱伯克霍尔德菌引起人类感染的报道,感染群体主要是囊性纤维化病人。近年来作为免疫力低下和囊性纤维化病人的一种重要的肺部病原体[ 1 ]。为了解我院该菌感染分布及对抗菌素耐药特点,本研究对2007年本院临床分离的17株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对15种抗菌药物体外抗菌活性及治疗方案和效果进行了分析,以期了解其在本地区耐药分布规律,从而为临床医师、临床药师对感染该菌患者治疗药物选择提供依据。
1 材料与方法
1. 1 菌株来源 17株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌分别自本院中心ICU、胸心外科ICU、老年科、呼吸科ICU病人的痰液、尿液、导管尖端分离得到。质控菌株:大肠埃希菌 ATCC 35218、铜绿假单胞菌 ATCC 27853。
1..2 仪器与试剂 ATB全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪、ID 32GN细菌鉴定试条及ATB PSE药敏试条均由法国生物梅里埃公司提供。
1..3 细菌鉴定与药敏试验 应用A TB 全自动微生物分析仪及其配套ID32GN 鉴定卡条(bioM érieux, 法国) 进行鉴定到种并用配套A TB PSE 5 药敏卡条(bioM érieux, 法国) 进行药物敏感试验。
1.4 临床资料分析
抽取前述分离出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的病历,查询各病例在检出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌后抗菌药物的治疗方案,对其科别、年龄、总住院天数、入院后检出菌时间、标本类型、检出菌后所使用抗菌药物及治疗结果作汇总分析。
2 结果
2.1 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分布
2007年全院送检标本12974份,检出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌17株,检出率0.13%。其中中心ICU送检标本1004份,检出3株;胸心外科ICU送检标本729份,检出4株;老年科送检标本781份,检出3株;呼吸科ICU送检标本1947份,检出7株。检出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌标本类型除中心ICU1份导管尖端、老年科1份尿液外,其余全为痰液。
2.2 药敏试验结果
如表1所示,我院分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、美洛培南、复方新诺明比较敏感,但均低于袁小玲等的报道[2]。洋葱伯克霍德菌对15种抗菌药物的药敏试验结果见表1。
表1 17株洋葱伯克霍德菌对15种抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性
Tab1. In vitro susceptibility of 17 strains of B. cepacia to 15 antimicrobial agent s
antimicrobial agent
S(%)1)
I(%)2)
R(%)3)
ciprofloxacin
52.9
35.3
11.8
ampicillin /sulbactam
0
0
100
cefepime
41.2
5.9
52.9
gentamicin
0
5.9
94.1
amikacin
0
0
100
imipenem
29.4
5.9
64.7
meropenem
76.5
5.9
17.6
piperacillin sodium
52.9
0
47.1
SMZ-TMP
64.7
0
35.3
ceftazidine
82.4
17.6
0
ticarcillin/potassium clavulanate
0
0
100
ticarcillin
0
0
100
polymyxin E
0
0
100
tobramycin
0
0
100
piperacillin sodium/tazobactam
88.2
0
11.8
注:1) S:敏感,2) I:中介,3) R:耐药
1)S : susceptible ; 2)I : intermediate ;3) R : resistant .
2.3 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌患者细菌分离及治疗用药分析
17株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌来自12份病历,其中2例连续检出3次,1例连续检出2次。标本来源除2份分别为尿液和导管尖端外,其余全为痰,表明感染主要以肺部为主。检出菌后根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物治疗有效(复查未检出菌为标准)的有9例,占52.9%。其它各指标汇总、统计数据见表2。
表2 12份洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染病历分析结果
Tab2 Analytic results of 12 case files
No
department
age
all days in hospital
time for cultivated
sorts of specimens
antibacterial for treatment
susceptibility to selective antibacterial
therapeutic results
1
Center ICU
80
211
d-80
catheter tip
aztreonam2gbid ivgtt
Not checked
Not found after 4 days
2
gerontism
92
211
d-112
urine
Not do special
Not found after 1 month
3
centerICU
86
61
d-39
sputum
piperacillin sodium/tazobactam 4.5gtid levofloxacin0.3gbid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to ciprofloxacin, resistant to piperacillin sodium/tazobactam
Not found after 10 days
4
gerontism
84
14
1st
sputum
Cefoperazonesodium/ sulbactam sodium1.5g bid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to
ceftazidine
still found sputum after 10 days, but not do sputum culture again
5
gerontism
79
40
d-32
sputum
Cefoperazonesodium/ sulbactam sodium1.5g bid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to
ceftazidine
cough and cough up phlegm improvedafter 6 days, body temperaturelowerd to nomal
6
respiration ICU
80
32
d-20
sputum
levofloxacin0.3gbid ivgtt ceftizoxime 3gbid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to ceftazidine and iprofloxacin
Not found after 12days
7
respiration ICU
81
56
d-16、26
sputum
cefepime 2gbidivgtt piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam 2.25gbid ivgtt
susceptibilitive to cefepime and piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam
After used cefepime for 6days still found pathogenic bacterium ,then changed to piperacillin sodium/
Tazobactam and Not found after 10 days
8
respiration ICU
68
22
d-7
sputum
isepamicin0.4gqd ivgtt(6days) piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam 3.75g bid ivgtt(3days)
Susceptibilitive to piperacillin sodium/tazobactam, resistant to amikacin
Not found after 11days
9
centerICU
91
170
d-46
sputum
Not do special
Not found after 5days
10
cardiothoracicsurgery ICU
69
64
d-27
sputum
piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam 2.25gbid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam
Not found after 7days
11
cardiothoracicsurgery ICU
49
39
d-30、31、33
sputum
cefepime 2gbid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to cefepime
Not found after 5days
12
respiration ICU
62
31
d-3、6、15
sputum
piperacillin sodium/
tazobactam 3.375gq8h ivgtt
Combined with ciprofloxacin 0.4gqd ivgtt
isepamicin 0.4gqd ivgtt Combined with cefepime 1gtid ivgtt
Susceptibilitive to piperacillin sodium/
Tazobactam, cefepime and ciprofloxacin, intermediate to amikacin
after used former scheme for 9 days still found pathogenic bacterium , then changed to subsequent and Not found after 14 days
3. 讨论
洋葱伯克霍尔德菌广泛存在于自然界,可从土壤、水和植物中分离。在医院中被污染的消毒液、雾化液和葡萄糖溶液可检测到。该菌可通过人与人之间传播。医院环境中的该菌可引起住院中免疫功能低下和个别健康个体感染。作为一种机会病原菌对人类致病的机制目前还不清楚。但一旦定植就很难根除[3]。我院洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染主要为长期住院患者(平均住院日79.2天),此类患者年龄大(平均年龄76.7岁),自身状况差,基础疾病多且重,入院后均进行过各种介入性操作(机械通气、纤支镜检等),感染类型主要为肺部感染(17株细菌有15株来自于痰),提示我院洋葱伯克霍尔德菌患者主要为院内感染,应做好长期住院患者的隔离和保护措施。
药敏试验结果显示,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌为多重耐药菌,对氨基糖苷类、多粘菌素E、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林呈100%耐药,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、美洛培南、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、哌拉西林、头孢吡肟的敏感率从88.2%~41.2%不等,对亚胺培南的敏感率仅22.4%,无100%敏感的抗菌药物。低于袁小玲等的报道[3]的,可能与我院抗菌药物整体用药习惯有关。Hancock R E认为[4],高度天然耐药的基础可能是它的外膜低渗透性,以及能产生金属β-内酰胺酶,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂敏感性较差,能水解包括碳青霉烯类在内的一大类β-内酰胺类抗生素,因此天然对β-内酰胺类、多粘菌素、氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药。Baxter 报道在洋葱伯克霍尔德菌中分离到一种β-内酰胺酶,能水解亚胺培南,被称为洋葱假单胞金属酶-I ,该酶对美罗培南和头孢他啶等水解作用较弱,因此对亚胺培南的敏感率远远低于美罗培南和头孢他啶,这与我们的结果相符。
我院医师比较重视细菌的培养和鉴定,选药时大多能依据药敏试验结果选择(12份病历有9份据药敏试验调整了抗菌药物),其中治疗有效(复查未检出菌为标准)的有9例,经验用药有效1例。说明一旦发现该菌感染,应依据药敏试验结果合理地选用抗菌药物治疗,当经验用药时,应根据本地区的细菌耐药趋势加以选择抗菌药物。
4. REFERENCES
[1 ] Huang C H, Jang T N , L iu C Y, et al. Characteristics of patients with Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia [ J ]. JM icrobiol Imm unol Inf ect, 2001, 34 (3) : 215
[2]Yuan X L, Gao S Y, Huang Y J, et al, Pulmonary infection and resistance mechanisms in Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia in ICU [ J ]. C anti-infection chem J(中国抗感染化疗杂志), 2005,5 (2 ):103-105
[3] [2 ]Wang R. Clinical anti-infection pharmacotherapeutics(临床抗感染药物治疗学)[M].Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House,2006:1218-1220
[4 ] Hancock R E. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other nonfermentative gram negative bacteria [J ]. Clin Infect Dis, 1998, 27 (Supp l1) : S93
作者简介:姚高琼,女, 硕士,主管药师
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