围城英文版.doc

更多英语学习资料请访问博客：（原创英语小说，新闻, 中英对照翻译） Those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside want to get out. 城外人的想冲进去，城里的人想逃出来。Fortress Besieged is a classic of world literature, a masterpiece of parodic fiction that plays with Western literary traditions, philosophy and middle class Chinese society in the Republican era. The title is taken from an old French proverb, Marriage is like a fortress besieged: those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside want to get out. Set on the eve of the ferocious Sino-Japanese War, Fortress Besieged recounts the exuberant misadventures of the hapless hero Fang Hung-chien. This masterwork of world literature plays with Western traditions, picaresque humour, tragic-comedy, satire, Eastern philosophy and the mores of middle-class Chinese society to create its own unique feast of delights. 围城讲述的是20世纪30年代一群知识分子的故事。小说虽然处在中日战争的大背景中，但始终不触及时政，而是仅仅围绕着从欧洲留学回国的青年方鸿渐为中心，以调侃、幽默和极富讽刺意味的笔触，描绘了这位归国留学生在生活、工作和婚姻恋爱等方面遭遇到的重重矛盾和无奈。Fortress BesiegedBy Chien Chung-shuTranslated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. MaoAuthors PrefaceIn this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I did not forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. The characters are of course fictitious, so those with a fondness for history need not trouble themselves trying to trace them out.The writing of this book took two years altogether. It was a time of great grief and disruption, during which I thought several times of giving up. Thanks to Madame Yang Chiang, who continuously urged me on while holding other matters at bay, I was able through the accumulation of many small moments to find the time to finish it. This book should be dedicated to her. But lately it seems to me that dedicating a book is like the fine rhetoric about offering ones life to ones country, or handing the reins of the government back to the people. This is but the vain and empty juggling of language. Despite all the talk about handing it over, the book remains like the flying knife of the magicianreleased without ever leaving the hand. And when he dedicates his work in whatever manner he chooses, the work is still the authors own. Since my book is a mere trifle, it does not call for such ingenious disingenuousness. I therefore have not bothered myself about the dedication.December 11, 1946 CHIEN CHUNG-SHUTranslators PrefaceChien Chung-shu ranks among the foremost twentieth-century Chinese novelists, and his novel Wei-cheng (Fortress Besieged) is one of the greatest twentieth-century Chinese novels. After receiving extensive treatment of his works in C. T. Hsias A History of Modern Chinese Fiction in 1961, Chien was largely neglected until recently. The present translation of Wei-cheng reflects that renewed interest, and it is hoped that it will generate even greater interest in Chien Chung-shu and his works.This translation is the cooperative effort of Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao. Whereas Jeanne Kelly did the first draft of the translation, Nathan K. Mao revised it; in addition, Mao wrote the introduction, refined the footnotes, and prepared the manuscript for publication. Despite our divided tasks, this book is our joint responsibility.We wish to thank Professor Joseph S. M. Lau of the University of Wisconsin and Professor Leo Ou-fan Lee of Indiana University for their expert editing assistance, patience, and encouragement; Chang Hsu-peng for help in the first draft of the translation; James C. T. Shu of the University of Wisconsin and Professor Mark A. Givler of Shippensburg State College for reading the entire manuscript and offering their advice; Mr. George Kao of the Chinese University of Hong Kong for permission to reprint chapter one, published in Renditions (No. 2, Spring 1974); and lastly Professor C. T. Hsia of Columbia University for supplying us with biographical and bibliographical information on Chien Chung-shu.We also wish to express our gratitude to Mr. Chien Chung-shu himself for reading the biographical part of the Translators Introduction as well as the Authors Preface during his visit to the United States in April-May of 1979. He clarified several items of biographical detail and made some corrections. We are deeply honored that this translation has the authors full endorsement and support.Chevy Chase, MarylandChambersburg, PennsylvaniaJKNKMIntroductionFortress Besieged, or Wei-cheng, first serialized in Literary Renaissance (Wen-i fu-hsing) and published in book form in 1947, has been acclaimed as one of modern Chinas two best novels, or her greatest novel;2 it has been the subject of two doctoral dissertations and one masters thesis and various scholarly papers in English and Chinese.3 Among differing views on the merits of the novel, C. T. Hsia has highly praised the novels comic exuberance and satire;4 Dennis Hu, its linguistic manipulation; Theodore Huters, its relationship to modern Chinese letters; and Mai Ping kun has written favorably on both Chiens essays and his fiction. What each critic has stressed is one aspect of the novels multifaceted brilliance, and it is the intent of this introduction to discuss the novel as an artistic whole.On November 10, 1910, Chien Chung-shu, the author of Fortress Besieged, was born into a literary family in Wuhsi, Kiangsu province. His father Chien Chi-po (18871957) was a renowned literary historian and university professor. Chien was a precocious child, noted for his photographic memory and brilliance in writing Chinese verse and prose. Upon graduation from grade school, he attended St. Johns University Affiliated High Schools in Soochow and Wuhsi. In high school, Chien excelled in English. When he sat for the matriculation examination of the prestigious Tsing-hua University, it was said that he scored very poorly in mathematics but did so well in English and Chinese composition that he passed the examination with some cIat.At Tsing-hua, Chien was known as an arrogant young man, who cut lectures and kept much to himself. Among his few intimate friends was Achilles Fang, the word wizard (as Marianne Moore called him), who was then a student in the department of philosophy. There Chien also met his future wife Yang Chiang. After graduating from Tsing-hua in 1933, he accepted a teaching appointment at Kuang-hua University in Shanghai.In 1935, on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, Chien went to Exeter College, Oxford, and majored in English literature. He read more thrillers and detective yarns than was healthy for a student devoted to serious research. He also developed a keen interest in Hegels philosophy and Marcel Prousts fiction. Perhaps most ego deflating was his failure to pass the probationer examination in English palaeography, and he had to sit for it a second time. Nonetheless, he did achieve his B. Litt. degree from Oxford in 1937. His thesis, composed of three meticulously researched chapters (China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth Century and China in the English Literature of the Eighteenth Century), was later published in the English edition of the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography (Tu-shu chi-kan). Having taken his Oxford degree, he studied a year in Paris.Returning to China in 1938, the second year of the second Sino-Japanese War, Chien, at home in the literatures of two or three major European languages, taught at the National Southwest Associated University in Kunming; i the National Teachers College at Lan-tien in Pao-ching, Hunan province; Aurora Womens College of Arts and Sciences in Shanghai; and Chi-nan University in Shanghai. From 1946 to 1948 he was also the editor of the English language periodical Philobiblion, published by the National Central University Library in Nanking.Among the small corpus of pre-Communist works by Chien, the following are noteworthy. At Tsing-hua he wrote a number of short stories and vignette-type essays for Crescent Moon (Hsin yuieh) and Literary Review (Wen-hsiieh tsa-chih) magazines. In 1941 the essays were published in Shanghai as a volume entitled Marginalia of Life (Hsieh tsai jen-sheng pien shang). Some of the short stories were anthologized in his 1946 publication entitled Men, Beasts, and Ghosts (Jen, Shou, Kuei). In 1948 he published On the Art of Poetry (Tan yi in), composed in an elegant wen-y en, or classical, style.After the Communist victory in 1949, he returned to Peking to teach at Tsing-hua University. While still in Shanghai, Chien had become dissatisfied with Fortress Besieged, and thought he could do better. He began to write another novel to be called Heart of the Artichoke (Pai-ho hsin), after Baudelaires phrase Le coeur dartichaut. He had written some 3,000 to 4,000 words, but unfortunately the manuscript was lost in the mail when the Chiens moved from Shanghai to Peking. He has not worked on the novel since then.In Peking Chien first worked as a researcher in the Foreign Literature Institute of the Academy of Sciences; then he transferred to the Chinese Literature Institute of the same academy. Since the foundation of the Institute of Literature in the Academy of Social Sciences in 1952, he has been one of its two senior fellows, the other being Yu Ping-Po, well-known for his studies on the Dream of the Red Chamber (Hung-lou meng). Chiens wife Yang Chiang is a researcher in the institute.Chien seems to have abandoned the writing of his earlier vitriolic works and restricted himself to literary scholarship. His most significant post-1949 work has been Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry (Sung-shib hsiian-chu), which was published in 1958. Later he headed a team of scholars responsible for the writing of the Tang and Sung sections of a history of Chinese literature. In 1974 it was widely rumored that he had died. The rumor prompted C. T. Hsia to write a memorial essay, In Memory of Mr. Chien Chung-shu (Chui-nien Chien Chung-shu hsien-sheng) 6 Chien, how ever, is alive and well and has been resurrected after the fall of the Gang of Four. His recent activities include visits to Rome in the fall of 1978 and to the United States in the spring of 1979 as a member of Chinese academic delegations. While he was in Italy, he talked with three scholars who were translating or had translated Fortress Besieged into French, Czech, and Russian. Yang Chiang was a member of a Chinese delegation in Paris while her husband was in America. Her most recent publication was a Chinese translation of Don Quixote in 1978, and it is now in its second printing.In 1979 Chien published a book containing four studies, one on Chinese painting and Chinese poetry dating back to the 1930s and the other three essays written since 1949 (including one on Lin Shu, which was partially translated by George Kao and published in Renditions). Also in 1979 a new edition of Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry with thirty additional notes was published.Chiens most important publication in 1979, however, is a mammoth work of over one million words entitled Kuan-chui pien, in four volumes. Each section focuses on one major classical Chinese work: I ching, Shib ching, Chuang-tzu, Lieh-tzu, Shib-chi, Tso-chuan, and the complete pre Tang prose. Altogether ten studies, both philological and comparative (Western), comprising the four divisions of ching, shib, tzu, and chi, are written in a style more elegant and archaic than that of On the Art of Poetry. Chien wanted to show the world that there is at least one person in China who can write in this style and has not broken with the old tradition; he also hoped to inspire younger Chinese everywhere to study the Chinese past. Kuan-chui pien, Chien believes, will be his masterwork.7Chiens B. Litt. thesis, On the Art of Poetry, and Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry are all works of solid scholarship. The first represents meticulous research; the second contains many references to Western poetics from Plato to the Abb Bremond and an honest evaluation of Chinese poets and their shortcomings; and the preface to the third is a masterpiece of literary analysis.8 Apart from these works, Chien is primarily a satirist in his essays and short stories. For example, the first essay in Marginalia of Life is Satan Pays an Evening Visit to Mr. Chien Chung-shu (Mo-kuei yeh fang Chien Chung-shu hsien-sheng), a satire on man through the super natural, the targets being hypocrisy and ignorance. In On Laughter and Humor (Shuo hsiao), he attacks those lacking humor; he mocks and scorns false champions of moraFortress Besiegedlity in Those Who Moralize (Tan chiao-hsun); he chides the hypocrites in Men of Letters (Lun wen-jen) and literary charlatans in Illiteracy (Shih wen-mang). In a similar vein, his vitriolic fire is also apparent in his short stories, most notably in Inspiration (Ling kan), a satiric and harsh attack on the writing profession itself and a lampoon on a number of well-known literary figures. Lampooning as much as he does in Men, Beasts, and Ghosts, he is also a fine writer of psychological insight. His story Cat (Mao) is a good example of marital strife which mars the happiness of a certain Li family. Even finer than Cat is Souvenir (Chi nien), often considered the best story in Men, Beasts, and Ghosts. A study of the seduction of a lonely married woman by an air force pilot during the Sino-Japanese War, it emphasizes the heroines feelings of guilt, fascination, revulsion, and relief toward her extramarital affair. Also well done is the storys ironic ending. After the pilot dies in action, the womans husband, not knowing of his wifes infidelity and impregnation by the pilot, suggests that they commemorate the dead pilot by naming the baby after him, if it is a boy.Fortress Besieged, however, remains the best of Chiens pre-1949 works. Structured in nine chapters, it is a comedy of manners with much picaresque humor, as well as a scholars novel, a satire, a commentary on courtship and marriage, and a study of one contemporary man.The nine chapters can be divided into four sections, or what Roland Barthes calls functional sequences: 9 Section I (chapters 14); Section II (chapter 5); Section III (chapters 68); and Section IV (chapter 9). Section I begins with the story of Fang Hung-chien, who is returning to China from Europe in 1937; continues with his brief visit to his hometown, Wushi, and his experience in Shanghai; and concludes with his accepting a teaching appointment at the newly established San Lii University in the interior. Section II is relatively short and centers on the trials and tribulations Fang Hung-chien and others encounter in their j