化学英语.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本学期的内容：,作为定量科学和物质科学的化学,(,常用的单位,数学符号的读法）,原子、分子和离子（无机物名称，常用分子式、化学方程式的读法）,气态,常用无机化学术语,化学反应和化学计算法，,热力学,常用物理化学术语,序言课,作为定量科学和物质科学的化学,Chemistry as Quantitative Science and a Science of Matter,一、,Units of measurement and fundamental constants,Commonly used prefixes,Decimal location,10,6,10,3,10,-1,10,-2,10,-3,10,-6,10,-9,Prefix,mega,kilo,deci,centi,milli,micro,nano,1.SI base physical quantities and units,Physical Unit Name of Unit,Quantity abbreviation,Length(,l,),m,Inch,mile,meter,angstrom,Inch,mile,Mass(,m,),kg,u,lb,oz,kilogram,Atomic mass unit,pound,ounce,Time(t),s,min,h,second,minute,hour,Electric current(,I,),A,ampere,Temperature(,T,),K,C,F,kelvin,centigrade,Fahrenheit,Luminous intensity(,Iv,),cd,candela,Amount of substance(,n,),mol,mole,2.SI derived physical quantities and units,Area(A),m,2,square meter,Volume(V),m,3,l,cubic meter,liter,Density(,),kg/m,3,kilogram per cubic meter,Pressure(P),Pa,atm,mmHg,pascal,atmosphere,millimeter of mercury,Energy(,E,),J,cal,eV,joule,calorie,electron volt,Frequency(,),Hz,hertz,Electricity quantity(,Q,),C,coulomb,Electromotive force(,E,),V,volt,Force(F),N,newton,3.fundamental constants,Symbol,e,F,g,h,k,N,A,R,V,m,Quantity,elementary charge,Faradays constant,gravitational acceleration,Plancks constant,Boltzmanns constant,Avogadros number,molar gas constant,gas molar volume,三、,Speaking of common mathematical symbols,R,：,R,：,R,1,：,+,：,-,：,：,：,：,=,：,：,：,R prime,R double prime,R second prime,R sub one,plus,positive,minus,negative,multiplied by,times,divided by,plus or minus,is equal to,equals,is identically equal to,is approximately equal to,(),：,：,：,ab:,a,b,：,a,b,：,log,n,X,：,X,2,：,rounds brackets,parenthese,square brackets,braces,a is much greater than b,a is greater than or equal to b,a varies directly as b,logX to the base n,X square,X squared,the square of X,the cubic root of x,the nth root of x,X,n,：,X,-8,：,X,：,：,X,X,：,dx,：,dy/dx,：,：,the mean value of X,X to n factors,the nth power of X,X to the power n,X to the minus eighth power,the absolute value of X,the sum of the terms indicated;summation of,the increment of X,differential x,the first derivative of y with respect to x,integral,：,0.01:,6%,：,3,：,2:3,：,1/2,：,2/3,：,5/123:,infinity,O point O one,point zero one,nought point nought one,6 percent,3 per mille,the ratio of two to three,a half,one half,two thirds,five over a hundred and twenty-three,eight and three over fourths,eight and three quarters,r=xd,5,2=10,x,3,/8=y,2,(a+b-c,d)/e=f,y=(W,t,-W)/x,r equals x multiplied by d,five times two equals ten,the third power of X divided by eight equals y squared,a plus b minus c multiplied by d,all divided by e equals f,y equals W sub t minus W over x,Exercise,四、,Atoms and Element,element symbols,:one or two letters abbreviations derived from their modern names,or in some cases from their old Latin names.,substance which cannot be broken down chemically into simpler substances.,pure substance with atoms all of a single kind.,element,S-block Element,IA,H:,Li:,Na:,K:,Rb:,Cs:,Fr:,IIA,Be:,Mg:,Ca:,Sr:,Ba:,Ra:,Hydrogen,Lith,ium,Sod,ium,Potass,ium,Rubid,ium,Ces,ium,Franc,ium,Beryll,ium,Magnes,ium,Calc,ium,Stront,ium,Bar,ium,Rad,ium,P-block Element,IIIA,B:,Al:,Ga:,In:,Tl:,IVA,C:,Si:,Ge:,Sn:,Pb:,VA,N:,P:,As:,Sb:,Bi:,boron,Alumin,ium,Gall,ium,Ind,ium,Thall,ium,Carbon,Silicon,German,ium,Tin,Lead,Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Arsenic,Antimony,Bismuth,P-block Element,VIA,O:,S:,Se:,Te:,Po:,VIIA,F:,Cl:,Br:,I:,At:,0,He:,Ne:,Ar:,Kr:,Xe:,Rn:,Oxygen,Sulfur,Selen,ium,Tellur,ium,Polon,ium,Fluor,ine,Chlor,ine,Brom,ine,Iod,ine,Astat,ine,Hel,ium,Ne,on,Arg,on,Krypt,on,Xen,on,Rad,on,Common Transition Elememt,Fe:,Mn:,Cu:,Zn:,Hg:,Ag:,Au:,iron(ferrum),manganese,copper(cuprum),zinc,mercury(hydrargyrum),silver(argentum),gold(aurum),atom,nucleus(central core),electron(negative),Proton(positive),neutron(uncharge),五、,Atomic Structure:Five Classic Experiments,cathode rays,阴极射线,electron,电子,electrical Potential,电动势，电压,electrodes,电极,canal rays,nuclei nucleus,的复数,radioactive,放射性的,foil,金属薄片,isotopes,同位素,第一课,原子、分子和离子,Atoms,Molecules,and Ions,二、,Naming of chemical compound,The name of chemical compound follows names of ions and is read from left to right.,c,ations anions,binary molecular compounds,:prefixes are used to indicated the number of atoms of each element present,such as,mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,hepta-,octa-,nona-,deca-,.,cover,1,Name of c,ation part,=the name of element,e.g.CO:,carbon,monoxide Al,2,O,3,:,aluminium,oxide,N,2,O,4,：,Di,nitrogen,tetroxide,metal with variable valency,name of element(Roman numeral),or name of element+,ous,lower valency,+,ic,higher valency,。,e.g.FeO:,iron(II),oxide or,ferrous,oxide,Fe,2,O,3,:,iron(III),oxide or,ferric,oxide,Fe,3,O,4,:,ferriferrous,oxide,Cu,2,O:,copper(I),oxide or,cuprous,oxide,CuO:,copper(II),oxide or,cupric,oxide,2.,Name of anion part,2.1 binary compound,monatomic anion:name of the element+,ide,.,e.g.,fluoride,，,chloride,，,bromide,，,iodide,，,oxide,，,sulfide,，,nitride,phosphide,carbide,，,hydride,Two polyatomic anions:OH,-,hydrox,ide,;CN,-,cyan,ide,e.g.,：,NaF:,AlCl,3,:,Ag,2,S,：,Fe(OH),2,：,二。,2,sodium fluoride,aluminium chloride,silver sulfide,iron(II)hydroxide,The prefixes,per,-and,super,-mean more oxygen,e.g.,O,2,2-,peroxide,O,2,-,superoxide,Some use common name,，,e.g.,NO nitric oxide,N,2,O nitrous oxide,2.2 nonmetal hydride,Common name,e.g.,water,，,ammonia,。,For halide and oxygen family hydride,is written in the left of the formula,，,and named as common binary compounds,。,e.g.,HF:hydrogen fluoride,HCl:hydrogen chloride,H,2,S:hydrogen sulfide,For other family nonmetal hydride,，,is written in the right of the formula,，,adding suffix,ane,.For nitrogen family suffix,ine,could also be added.,e.g.,PH,3,:phosphine,或,phosphane,SiH,4,:silane,二。,2,2.4 Oxyacids and their anions,Oxyacids and their anions with variable valency are named using different combinations of prefixes and suffixes.,高某酸,per-ic,正酸,ic,亚酸,-ous,次酸,hypo-ous,高某酸根,per-ate,正酸根,ate,亚酸根,-ite,次酸根,hypo-ite,其它的前缀还有,ortho-,正,meta-,偏,thio-,硫代,e.g.,HClO,4,perchloric acid ClO,4,-,perchlorate ion,HClO,3,chloric acid ClO,3,-,chlorate ion,HClO,2,chlorous acid ClO,2,-,chlorite ion,HClO hypochlorous acid ClO,-,hypochlorite ion,S,2,O,3,2-,thiosulfate ion,二。,2,2.5 salts,Normal salt,:FeSO,4,:,iron(II)sulfate,KMnO,4,:,potassium permanganate,Acid salt,：,NaHCO,3,:sodium,hydrogen,carbonate,sodium bicarbonate,NaH,2,PO,4,:sodium dihydrogen phosphate,basic salt,：,Bi(OH),2,NO,3,:bismuth di,hydroxy,nitrate,二。,2,Mixed salt,：,KNaCO,3,:potassuim sodium carbonate,NaNH,4,HPO,4,:ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate,Hydrate salt,：,H,2,O,water or hydrate,AlCl,3,6H,2,O:aluminum chloride 6-water,aluminum chloride hexahydrate,AlK(SO,4,),2,12H,2,O,：,aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water,Exercises,1.Write the formula for each of the following ions and compound.,mercury(II)ion,bismuth(III)ion,sodium fluoride,copper(I)chloride,iron(III)oxide,sulfur tertrachloride,dinitrogen pentasulfide,2.Give the names of the following compound.,KNO,3,CuCL,2,Al,2,(SO,4,),3,CaCO,3,Hg,2+,Bi,3+,NaF,CuCl,Fe,2,O,3,SCl,4,N,2,S,5,Patassium nitrate,copper(II)chloride,Aluminum sulfate,Calcium carbonate,二、,Speaking of common molecular formulas,Na,2,SO,4,:Sodium sulphate,N-a-two-S-O-four,Mg(NO,3,),2,:,Magnesium nitrate,M-g-N-O-three-taken-twice;,M-g-pause-N-O-three-pause-twice,Zn(NH,3,),4,2+,:,Ca,3,(PO,4,),2,2H,2,O:,tetra-ammonium zinc complex cation,Z-n-N-H-three-taken-fourth complex cation,Calcium phosphate two hydrate,C-a-three-P-O-four-taken-twice-two-H-two-O,三、,Speaking of common equations,P,4,+6Cl,2,4PCl,3,One P,4,molecule plus six Cl,2,molecules yields four molecules of PCl,3,.,N,2,(g)+3H,2,(g),2NH,3,(g),Gaseous nitrogen reacts with gaseous hydrogen at 400,C and 250atm,in the presence of FeO as a catalyst to produce gaseous ammonia.,CO,3,2-,+Ca,2+,Ca,CO,3,a carbonate anion with a valency of two plus a calcium cation with a valency of two produce a calcium carbonate precipitate.,400,C,250atm,FeO,:give,yield,produce,form,become,:evolved as a gas,give off a gas,:is precipitated,gives X precipitate,:reacts reversibly,2,c,ation part,CO:,Al,2,O,3,:,N,2,O,4,：,mono-di-,tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-,carbon,mono,xide,aluminium,oxide,di,nitrogen,tetroxide,metal with variable valency,FeO:,Fe,2,O,3,:,Fe,3,O,4,:,iron(II),oxide or,ferrous,oxide,iron(III),oxide or,ferric,oxide,ferriferrous,oxide,3.,A,nion part,NaF:,AlCl,3,:,Ag,2,S,：,Fe(OH),2,：,sodium,fluoride,aluminium,chloride,silver,sulfide,iron(II),hydroxide,O,2,2-,:,O,2,-,:,peroxide,superoxide,NO:,N,2,O:,nitric oxide,nitrous oxide,5.nonmetal hydride,HF:,HCl:,H,2,S:,PH,3,:,SiH,4,:,hydrogen fluoride,hydrogen chloride,hydrogen sulfide,phosph,ine,或,phosph,ane,sil,ane,6.Acid,HCl:,H,2,S:,hydro,chlo,ric acid,hydro,sufu,ric acid,HClO,4,:,HClO,3,:,HClO,2,:,HClO:,ClO,4,-,ClO,3,-,ClO,2,-,ClO,-,per,chlo,ric,acid,chlor,ic,acid,chlor,ous,acid,hypo,chlor,ous,acid,per,chlo,rate,ion,chlo,rate,ion,chlo,rite,ion,hypo,chlo,rite,ion,NaCl(s)Na,+,(aq)+Cl,-,(aq),solid sodium chloride;sodium ion in aqueous solution;chloride ion in aqueous solution.,HCl(g)H,+,(aq)+Cl,-,(aq),hydrogen chloride;hydrochloric acid,H,2,O,H,2,O,课后作业,How to describe the neutralization of a strong acid with a weak base,？,eg.,HCl(aq)+NH,4,OH,(aq),NH,4,Cl,(aq),+H,2,O,(l),This reaction illustrates a neutralization of a strong acid with a weak base.Similarly in the case of most weak bases the overwhelming majority of molecules are present in solution in the molecular form rather than as ions.So we write the total ionic and net ionic equations by writing the base in molecular form.Thus these two equations for the above reaction are shown as follows.,Total ionic:H,+,(aq)+CL,-,(aq)+NH,4,OH,NH,4,+,(aq)+Cl,-,(aq)+H,2,O(l),Net ionic:H,+,(aq)+NH,4,OH,NH,4,+,(aq)+H,2,O(l),How to Speak the equations?,HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)NaCl(aq)+H,2,O(l),hydrochloric acid,plus,sodium hydroxide,in aqueous solution yields,sodium chloride,plus liquid water.,2HNO,3,(aq)+Ca(OH),2,(aq)Ca(NO,3,),2,(aq)+2H,2,O(l),two,nitric acid,molecules react with one,calcium hydroxide,molecule in aqueous solution produce one,calcium nitrate,molecule and two liquid water molecules.,HClO(aq)+LiOH(aq)LiClO(aq)+H,2,O(l),hypochlorous,acid,lithium hydroxide,in aqueous solution,lithium hypochlorite,.,化学反应和化学计算法,Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry,第二课,2.1 Chemical reactions,1.Conservation of mass and energy,Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,and matter can neither be created nor destroyed.,e.g.1,2BaO,2,(s),2BaO(s)+O,2,(g),barium peroxide barium oxide oxygen,(2mol)(169.3g/mol)(2mol)(153.3g/mol)(1mol)(32.0g/mol),338.6 g =306.8 g +32.0 g,The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.,For each element,the number of atoms in the reactants is the same as the number in the products,2.Balancing chemical equations,Write the correct coefficients for each species.,a.,begin with atoms in only one formula on each side of the equation.,e.g.,Al,2,S,3,(s)+H,2,O(l)Al(OH),3,(s)+H,2,S(g),aluminum sulfide aluminum hydroxide hydrogen sulfide,Al:Al,2,S,3,+H,2,O 2Al(OH),3,+H,2,S,S:Al,2,S,3,+H,2,O 2Al(OH),3,+3H,2,S,O:Al,2,S,3,+6H,2,O 2Al(OH),3,+3H,2,S,not balanced,not balanced,not balanced,b.,begin with the most complicated form.,3.Some types of chemical reactions,combination reaction,:A+BAB,e.g.NH,3,(g)+HCl(g)NH,4,Cl(s),decomposition reaction,:ABA+B,e.g.2NaHCO,3,(s)Na,2,CO,3,(s)+H,2,O(g)+CO,2,(g),displacement reaction,:A+BCAC+B,e.g.Fe(s)+H,2,SO,4,(aq)H,2,(g)+FeSO,4,(aq),partner-exchange reaction,:AC+BDAD+BC,e.g.MgCl,2,(aq)+Ca(OH),2,(s)Mg(OH),2,(s)+CaCl,2,(aq),Exercises,Balance and classify each of the following chemical equations as a(i)combination reaction,(ii)decomposition reaction,(iii)displacement reaction,or(iv)partner-exchange reaction:,a.Potassium reacts with water to give aqueous potassium hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen.,b.Solid magnesium carbonate decomposes to form solid magnesium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide.,2K(s)+2H,2,O(l),2KOH(aq)+H,2,(g):,displacement,reaction,MgCO,3,(s),MgO(s)+CO,2,(g):,decomposition,reaction,2.2,Stoichiometry,stoichiometry,:the calculation of the quantitative relationships in chemical,change,Information from chemical equation,e.g.1,2SO,2,(g)+O,2,(g),2SO,3,(g),sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide,molecular masses:,64u 32u 80u,2 molecules 1 molecule 2 molecules,mole ratios:,2 moles 1mole 2 moles,mass ratios:,128u 32u 160u,128g 32g 160g,volume ratios:,2 volumes 1 volume 2 volumes,44.8L(STP)22.4L(STP)44.8L(STP),2.Solving stoichiometry problems,write the balanced chemical equation.,convert the known information to moles.,use mole ratios to find the unknown in terms of moles.,convert the answer from moles to the desired quantity.,e.g.,How many grams of cobalt(II)chloride and of hydeogen fluoride are needed to prepare 10.0g of colbalt(II)fluoride by the following reaction?,CoCl,2,(s)+2HF(g)CoF,2,(s)+2HCl(g),129.8g/mol 20.0g/mol 96.9g/mol,10.0/96.9 mole 2(10.0/96.9)mole,10.0/96.9 mole,(10.0/96.9 mole CoCl,2,)(129.8g/mol)=13.4 g CoCl,2,(210.0/96.9 mole HF)(20.0g/mol)=4.13 g HF,3.Limiting reactants,limiting reactant,:the reactant that determines the amount of product when,reactants are present in non-stoichiometric amounts.,e.g.1,What volume of hydrogen will be produced at 0.861atm and 22C from the displacement reaction of 6.0g of zinc with 25mL of 6.0mol/L hydrochloric acid?,Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)ZnCl,2,(aq)+H,2,(g),1 mole 2 moles 1 mole,(6.0g Zn)/(65.38 g/mol)=0.092mol Zn,(25/1000 L)(6.0mol/LHCl)=0.15mol HCl 20.092mol Zn,The limiting reactant is HCl,(0.15mol HCl)(1mol H,2,/2mol HCl)=0.075 mol H,2,V=nRT/P=2.1L,4.Yields,the theoretical yield,:the maximum amount of a product that can be,formed according to the balanced chemical,equation.,the actual yield,:the actual amount of a product.,the percent yield,:the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield,expressed as a percentage.,e.g.,A chemist ran the following reaction?,HOC,6,H,4,COOH(s)+(CH,3,CO),2,O(l)CH,3,COOC,6,H,4,COOH(s)+CH,3,COOH(l),salicylic acid acetic anhydride acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin)acetic acid,on a laboratory scale with 25.0g of salicylic acid and,excess,acetic anhydride(over 20g).The actual yield was 24.3g of aspirin.What was the percent yield?,(25.0g)/(138.13 g/mol)=0.181mol sal.acid,(0.181mol)(180.17g/mol)=32.6g aspirin,%yield=(actual yield/theoretical yield)(100%),=(24.3g/32.6g)(100%),=74.5%,Units of measurement,SI base physical quantities and units,Quantity Name of unit other unit,Length(,l,)meter(m)inch,mile,mm(milli-),cm(centi-),dm(deci-),nm(nano-),Mass(,m,)kilogram(kg)g(gram),Time(,t,)second(s)h(hour),minute(min),Electric current(,I,)ampere(A),Temperature(,T,)kelvin(K)C(centigrade),F(Fahrenheit),Luminous intensity(,Iv,)candela(cd),Amount of substance(,n,)mole(mol),SI derived physical quantities and units,Quantity Name of unit other unit,Area(,A,)square meter(m,2,)cm,2,dm,3,Volume(,V,)cubic meter(m,3,)l(liter),ml,Density(,)kilogram per cubic meter(kg/m,3,),Velocity(,u,)meter per second(m/s),Pressure(,P,)pascal(Pa)atm(atmosphere),mmHg,Energy(,E,)jo