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The development and application of MCS-51
MCS-51 single-chip was producted in the United States INTE companies in 1980, and compared with MCS-48 single-chip the structure of it has more advanced and more powerful, in the original basis of the circuit an increase of more units and directive amounted to 111, MCS-51 single chip can be regarded as very successful product, until now, MCS-51 series or compatible single-chip applications is still the mainstream product, colleges and universities and professional schools, training materials remained in line with the MCS-51 single-chip, as the theoretical foundation for learning. We also carry out the representation of system models to explain.
The range of MCS-51 single-chip 8031,8051 and 8751 mainly includes products such as GM, its main function is as follows: 8-bit CPU 4kbytes program memory (ROM) 128bytes of data memory (RAM) 32 Article I / O port 111 command line. Most of the 21 single-byte instruction register 2 dedicated programmable timer / counter interrupt source 5, a two-priority, full-duplex serial communication port to external data memory address space for external 64kB program memory address space for 64kB-bit addressing logic operation function 40PinDIP dual in-line package Single +5 V Power Supply MCS-51 with its typical structure and improve the special registers of the bus centralized management, operation of a large number of logic functions and bit-oriented control rich instruction set, called for the generation of "crew", the other single-chip microcomputer for later laid the foundation for the development. Because of its superior performance and improve the structure, resulting in the subsequent many manufacturers use or make reference to more than its architecture, there are many of the world's largest maker of electrical and enriched and developed the MCS-51 microcontroller, such as PHILIPS, Dallas, ATMEL, etc. well-known semiconductor companies are compatible with the introduction of the MCS-51 microcontroller products, and even China's Taiwan WINBOND also compatible with the development of C51 (it used to be referred to as MCS-51 If there is no special statement C51, both with the mean MCS-51 Series single-chip) microcontroller varieties. C51 obtained in recent years the development of rapid, C51 origin INTEL as a result of the company was busy developing high-end PC and not on the microprocessor to continue to develop their own single-chip, and by other manufacturers to its development, is the most typical PHILIPS and ATML company, PHILIPS mainly to improve its performance, based on the original development of the high-speed I / O port, A / D converter, PWM (pulse width modulation), WDT and other enhancements, and low-voltage, micro-power consumption, extended serial bus (I2C) and control network bus (CAN) and other functions be improved.
PHILIPS Corporation C51 in the development of low-power, high speed and enhanced functionality made many contributions to the development of its first major C51 single-chip, they save 83Cxx and 87Cxx series of parallel expansion bus, suitable for control of household appliances as a category of single-chip microcomputer of the economy.
ATMEL Corporation AT89Cxx introduced C51 range of compatible single-chip, to be perfectly Flash (non-volatile flash memory technology) EEPROM with 80C51 core combine the use of C51 is still the overall structure and command system, Flash can be anti-erasable program memory can effectively reduce the development costs and allow for repeated use of single-chip microcomputer.
Siemens also use the core of C51, C500 series has introduced single-chip, while maintaining compatibility with the C51 instructions under the premise of the performance of their products has been further improved, especially in the anti-interference performance, electromagnetic compatibility and communication control bus unique functions, and their products are commonly used in the working environment of the occasion. Also applies to the field of telecommunications and home appliance control.
 WINBOND Taiwan companies have also developed a series of C51-compatible microcontroller, and its products typically have a wealth of features, but also to its high quality and low price in the market also has a certain amount of points.
 8051 is MCS-51 series single-chip representation of products. It integrated a powerful central processing unit, including the instruments used in multiplication and division hardware, control registers 21 dedicated, 4kB the program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 4 groups of 8 parallel port, two 16-bit can be programming timer / counter, a full-duplex serial port, as well as the Boolean processor. MCS-51 has a relatively large address space, address line width of 16, or external data memory and program memory addressing an area of 216 = 64kB, which is controlled as a single-chip is relatively large, which at the same time available on the I / O port access. In addition. MCS-51 modular structure, can be easily added to and deleted a module and instructions can be pin-compatible products. Thus easy to form a serialized products. MCS-51 as a result of the almost perfect integration of the 8-bit central processing unit, processing, and central processing unit in a convenient and flexible integration of a dedicated register, the hardware increases, subtraction, multiplication, division, and Boolean logic processor and a variety of computing and transfer of command, which will provide a great convenience. MCS-51 instruction set of near-perfect command system contains comprehensive data transfer instructions, and improve operations of arithmetic and logic instructions, easy to operate and control the logic of commands, the programming is very flexible and convenient. MCS-51 single-chip operate frequency is the 2-12MHz, when the oscillation frequency is 12MHz, a machine cycle is 1us should be said that the pace is relatively fast. Perfect in 8051 integrates the various interrupt sources, the user can very easy to control and use of its functions, the scope of the application makes it up, it can be said to meet the vast majority of applications.
 MCS-51 make the main parts of micro-computer to be integrated in a heart-chip, making data transmission distance significantly shorter, higher reliability, more pieces of the operating speed. Since the fall of the chip micro-computer, the functional components in the chip layout and structure of the optimization, to enhance anti-interference ability, work is also relatively stable. Therefore, in the industrial measurement and control system, the use of single-chip is the ideal choice. Typical single-chip embedded systems, it is the best low-end device control system.MCS-51 requiring a lower level of the development environment, software is very rich in resources to introduce the features of books and software desirable everywhere, simply equipped with a PC (personal computer - the computer is basically no configuration required), a simulation programmer to achieve product development, the early use of DOS software version, with the popularity of Windows software, almost all now use the Windows version, and a wide range of software, an array, the many varieties of single-chip, The C51 is the most abundant environmental resources, which to a great C51 user convenience.
MCS-51 applications ：Single-chip widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment and the intelligent management in areas such as process control, can be divided into the following broad areas:
1. In the smart application of instrumentation MCS-51 is small size, low power consumption, control, and expansion flexibility, miniaturization and ease of use, widely used in instrumentation, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow , speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, element, measurement of physical pressure. MCS-51 makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligence, miniaturization and functional than the use of electronic or digital circuitry even stronger. For example, precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, and analyzer).
2. In the industrial control MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent control of the lift, all kinds of alarm systems, and computer networks constitute a secondary control system.
3. In the application of household appliances can be said that almost all home appliances are using the MCS-51 control, electric rice from favorable, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, electronic weighing and then equipment, all kinds, everywhere.
4. In the field of computer networks and communication applications in general have a modern MCS-51 communication interface, can be easily carried out with computer data communications, computer networks and in inter-application communications equipment to provide an excellent material conditions, now Basically, all the communications equipment to achieve a MCS-51 microcomputer intelligent control, from the mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications system call, the train wireless communications, and then you can see day-to-day work of mobile phones, Mobile communications, such as radios.
5. MCS-51 medical equipment in the field of application of single-chip microcomputer in medical devices have a wide range of purposes, such as medical ventilator, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic equipment and hospital call systems. In addition, single-chip microcomputer in the industrial, commercial, financial, scientific research, education, defense aerospace and other fields have a wide range of uses.
Since the birth of MCS-51 after it entered the human life, such as washing machines,refrigerators, electronic toys, household appliances, such as Shoulu MCS-51, improved intelligence, increased functionality, much like people. SCM will make human life more convenient, comfortable and colorful.
Comprehensive above, the MCS-51 has become a computer development and application of an important aspect. On the other hand, the importance of MCS-51application also is that it fundamentally changed the traditional control system design concepts and design methods. From the past must be digital or analog circuits to achieve the most functional, it is now MCS-51 software can be used to achieve the method. This software instead of hardware control technology, known as micro-control technology, is a traditional control technology revolution.

MCS-51的发展和应用
MCS-51单片机是美国INTE公司于1980年推出的产品，与MCS-48单片机相比，它的结构更先进，功能更强，在原来的基础上增加了更多的电路单元和指令指令数达111条，MCS-51单片机可以算是相当成功的产品，一直到现在，MCS-51系列或其兼容的单片机仍是应用的主流产品，各高校及专业学校的培训教材仍与MCS-51单片机作为代表进行理论基础学习。我们也以这一代表性的机型进行系统的讲解。　　　　
MCS-51系列单片机主要包括8031、8051和8751等通用产品，其主要功能如下：8位CPU 4kbytes 程序存储器(ROM) 128bytes的数据存储器(RAM) 32条I/O口线 111条指令，大部分为单字节指令 21个专用寄存器 2个可编程定时/计数器 5个中断源，2个优先级一个全双工串行通信口外部数据存储器寻址空间为64kB 外部程序存储器寻址空间为64kB 逻辑操作位寻址功能双列直插40PinDIP封装单一+5V电源供电。MCS-51以其典型的结构和完善的总线专用寄存器的集中管理，众多的逻辑位操作功能及面向控制的丰富的指令系统，堪称为一代“名机”，为以后的其它单片机的发展奠定了基础。正因为其优越的性能和完善的结构，导致后来的许多厂商多沿用或参考了其体系结构，有许多世界大的电气商丰富和发展了MCS-51单片机，象PHILIPS、Dallas、ATMEL等著名的半导体公司都推出了兼容MCS-51的单片机产品，就连我国的台湾WINBOND公司也发展了兼容C51(人们习惯将MCS-51简称C51如果没有特别声明，二者同指MCS-51系列单片机)的单片机品种。近年来C51获得了飞速的发展，C51的发源公司INTEL由于忙于开发PC及高端微处理器而无精力继续发展自己的单片机，而由其它厂商将其发展，最典型的是PHILIPS和ATML公司，PHILIPS公司主要是改善其性能，在原来的基础上发展了高速I/O口，A/D转换器，PWM(脉宽调制)、WDT等增强功能，并在低电压、微功耗、扩展串行总线(I2C)和控制网络总线(CAN)等功能加以完善。 　　
PHILIPS公司在发展C51的低功耗，高速度和增强型功能上作了不少贡献，当初主要由其来发展C51单片机，他们的83Cxx和87Cxx系列省去了并行扩展总线，适合于作为家用电器类控制的经济型单片机。　　
ATMEL公司推出的AT89Cxx系列兼容C51的单片机，完美地将Flash(非易失闪存技术)EEPROM与80C51内核结合起来，仍采用C51的总体结构和指令系统，Flash的可反擦写程序存储器能有效地降低开发费用，并能使单片机作多次重复使用。 　　
Siemens公司也沿用C51的内核，相继推出了C500系列单片机，在保持了与C51指令兼容的前提下，其产品的性能得到了进一步的提升，特别是在抗干扰性能，电磁兼容和通信控制总线功能上独树一帜，其产品常用于工作环境恶劣的场合。亦适用于通信和家用电器控制领域。　　
还有台湾的WINBOND公司亦开发了一系列兼容C51的单片机，其产品通常具备丰富的功能特性，而且与其质优价廉在市场也占有一定的分额。 　　
8051是MCS-51系列单片机中的代表产品，它内部集成了功能强大的中央处理器，包含了硬件乘除法器、21个专用控制寄存器、4kB的程序存储器、128字节的数据存储器、4组8位的并行口、两个16位的可编程定时/计数器、一个全双工的串行口以及布尔处理器。MCS-51具有比较大的寻址空间，地址线宽达16条，即外部数据存储器和程序存储器的寻址范围达216=64kB，这作为单片机控制来说已是比较大的，这同时具备对I/O口的访问能力。此外，MCS-51采用模块化结构，可方便地增删一个模块就可引脚和指令兼容的新产品。从而容易使产品形成系列化。 　　
由于MCS-51集成了几乎完善的8位中央处理单元，处理功能强，中央处理单元中集成了方便灵活的专用寄存器，硬件的加、减、乘、除法器和布尔处理机及各种逻辑运算和转移指令，这给应用提供了极大的便利。　　
MCS-51的指令系统近乎完善，指令系统中包含了全面的数据传送指令、完善的算术和逻辑运算指令、方便的逻辑操作和控制指令、对于编程来说，是相当灵活和方便的。 MCS-51单片机的工作频率为2-12MHz，当振荡频率为12MHz时，一个机器周期为1us这个速度应该说是比较快的。 　　
8051中集成了完善的各种中断源，用户可十分方便地控制和使用其功能，使得它的应用范围加大，可以说它可以满足绝大部分的应用场合。 　　
MCS-51把微型计算机的主要部件都集成在一块心片上，使得数据传送距离大大缩短，可靠性更高，运行速度更块。由于属于芯片化的微型计算机，各功能部件在芯片中的布局和结构达最优化，抗干扰能力加强，工作亦相对稳定。因此，在工业测控系统中，使用单片机是最理想的选择。单片机属于典型的嵌入式系统，所以它是低端控制系统最佳器件。MCS-51的开发环境要求较低，软件资源十分丰富，介绍其功能特性书籍和开发软件随处可取，只需配备一台PC（个人电脑——对电脑的配置基本上无要求），一台仿真编程器即可实现产品开发，早期的开发软件多使用DOS版本，随着Windows视窗软件的普及，现在几乎都使用Windows版本，并且软件种类繁多，琳琅满目，在众多的单片机品种中，C51的环境资源是最丰富的，这给C51用户带来极大的便利。
MCS-51的应用领域 ：MCS-51广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴：
1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用。MCS-51具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用MCS-51控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
2.在工业控制中的应用。用MCS-51可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。
3.在家用电器中的应用。可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了MCS-51控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。
4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用。现代的MCS-51单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了MCS-51单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
5. MCS-51单片机在医用设备领域中的应用。MCS-51单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
自从MCS-51单片机诞生以来，它就步入了人类生活当中，如洗衣机、电冰箱、电子玩具、家用电器，例如，收录机配上单片机后，提高了智能化程度，增加了功能，倍受人们喜爱。MCS-51单片机将使人类生活更加方便、舒适、丰富多彩。MCS-51单片机广泛地用于各种实时控制系统中。例如，在工业测控、航空航天、尖端武器、机器人等各种实时控制系统中，都可以用单片机作为控制器。单片机的实时数据处理能力和控制功能，可使系统保持在最佳工作状态，提高系统的工作效率和产品质量。
综合所述，MCS-51单片机已成为计算机发展和应用的一个重要方面。另一方面，MCS-51单片机应用的重要意义还在于，它从根本上改变了传统的控制系统设计思想和设计方法。过去必须由模拟电路或数字电路实现的大部分功能，现在已能用单片机通过软件的方法来实现了。这种软件代替硬件的控制技术也称为微控制技术，是传统控制技术的一次革命。