中学英语语法总结(三）.doc

中学英语语法总结（一）.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon. Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool. Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning. 2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。 HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell. ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong. 3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。 Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth. 4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。 CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou） Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe) 2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当的时候),assoonas(一就)，before,after,until,till,as(当的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。 Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork. IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek. Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives. 2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如： IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars. Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft. Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet. 3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。 Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted. Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell. Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属) Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh. Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物） Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet. IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在这儿） Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog. 4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句. IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao. IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday. Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist. 2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth. Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday. Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon. 5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework. (表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididntmakesuchmistakes. (表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行) Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程) Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife. Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife. 7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired. 这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。 注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词： Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea. Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt. 8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy. 2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy. 3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl. 9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want类似：都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand. 2feellike:后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea? 后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idontfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】 10.词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge? Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer. Iwanttogosomewherewarm. 2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom? Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit? 3enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。 Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork. Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof?= Howdoyoulike?“你对怎么看？”(How?句中有like，是动词。)2Whatstheweatherlikein?=Howistheweatherin?“的天气什么样?”(What?句中有like，是介词“像”。) 12.take,cost,pay,spend区别： 1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth. Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree. 2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost) 若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan. 3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。) 4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth. Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet. Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes. spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth. 其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb. buy,build等可接sth+forsb. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome. 14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词） Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词） Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词） 类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。 如：IllwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词） IllwaituntilnextFriday.（介词） 15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。 Heseatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft. IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。 Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago. 2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。 theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行) asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能) 16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing. 17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语： Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess. Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant. Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数） Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数) Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数) 18.later/after/ago/before:1later“时间后”结构：时间段+later 常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater. (later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：Illseeyoulater.) 2after“时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays. (after也可加句子：Illsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.) 3ago“时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago. (since+时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时) 4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前” IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore. (若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“时间前”： Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.) 19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季 20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月； May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九 月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二； Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五； Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。 22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。 注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。 23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein. 24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多” 25.及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down; turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;dressup;pickup;helpout; keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒); takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off 宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。 26.asas用法：1和一样Hisroomisasbigasmine. HerunsasfastasI/me.2asaspossible/sbcan“尽可能” Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和一样快；一就；asmuchas和一样多；多达；aslongas和一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和一样好；和一样；asfaras远达；就来说；27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起更喜欢 prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿也不愿 prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事 28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某，一些”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某，一些”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedonthaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere. 29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。 30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从) whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从) 都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。 if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。 Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome. 31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。 since,位置：Since，.Sinceitsalreadylate,Imustgonow. for,位置：，for.语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,foritssnowing. as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。 32.表推测：must,may,might,can,could,cant must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。 Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom. may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。 Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher. can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。 Youcouldberight,butIdontthinkyouare. Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercantbetherenow.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews; suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone; suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies; 若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so. somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater 也常有“so/suchthat”句型，译为“如此以致于”。 34.so的另两个用法：1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“也” 上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI. Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter. 以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI. 2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo. 又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan. 35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语 “也不”上文是否定句。Shedidntgetwell,nordidherbrother. 或对话形式：A:Jimhasnthadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法： 1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让一直做”Imsorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth“坚持做某事” 2make+sb/sthdosth让做某事IlltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong. 3get+sb/sthtodosth.让做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen. 4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词 Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking. 我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。 5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open, makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready. 37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke. beusedto译为“被用来”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings. beusedto译为“习惯于”，后接动词ing或名词/代词. 如：Hesusedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers. beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如： Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings. 38.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。 Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway. Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords. Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】 位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“的数量”；后者“许多的” 都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is. Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have. 40.延续性动词：Howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。 HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?Ivelivedheresince2002. Letswaituntilhecomesback.但否定句中可用短暂性动词： Ihaventseenyouforalongtime. 41.all/each/both/none/either/neither: 1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数，谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。 2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。 3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。 4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore. none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88 5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday? -EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。 6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday? -Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。 all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。 Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide. Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold. 若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。 Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish. Itsapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet. Itsatwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。) 43.MustI/MayI/NeedI?用法：1MustI?我必须吗？ A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneednt. 2MayI?我可以吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow? B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustnt/cant. 3NeedI?我有必要吗？ A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneednt. 44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople. ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds 45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it. Somethingiswrong,isntit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit? 2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,cantshe? Idontthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe? QT要结合think后的从句而定。