作文应用.doc

Increase the risk of ……增加…的风险risks involved with... …涉及的风险risks to ... 对…带来风险的事物health/fire risk 健康/火灾隐患put…at risk使…受到威胁at risk to…冒伤及…的危险，使…受到威胁do sth at one’own own risk自担风险，责任自负run the risk of =take a risk=take risks=run risks=risk doing冒…危险，冒险做…risk it 冒险一试risk one’s life to 冒生命危险做… 实际上，事实上 : virtually / in fact / truth / reality / as a matter of fact / actually / as the truth stands / practically 遍及全球 ：throughout the globe纵观历史 ： throughout history某人一生 ：throughout one’s life
副词：politically(政治上）economically(经济上）technologically(技术上）culturally（文化上）materially（物质上）mentally(情绪上）psychologically(心理上）physically(身体上）
l Recognize的用法~sb/sth by(from)sth 认出、辨别出 ~sth 承认、意识到 ~sth as sth 把…看成 ~sb/sth as sth认可、接受、赞成 Be recognized to be承认是 Be recognized as 赞赏、赏识、公认；正式向…致谢
l ·As metioned previously,·Perhaps for this reason·State differently·Regarding 替about· 替notice——Be aware of、pay (particular) attention to 、give one's attention to、be conscious of·a general goal/ an overall goal;Rather, 相反地Associated with B 与B有关Investigation、inquiry 调查
be involved in 涉及(有关), 专心;A assocate with B;Commonly 一般 ;under consideration 在考虑中To make heavy use of…大量地运用替userequire——need;addressed the issue of absenteeism. 处理旷工事宜;address oneself to a task.  投入一项工作;addressed me in low tones. 低声与我交谈;in summary，in short，in a word;a consist of ；Encompass ——包围, 环绕, 包含（替include）
独立结构的比较用语：1. As compared to2. By comparing3. Compared with4. in comparison5. in contrast6. likewise7. similarly8. whereas9. while
连词：1. accordingly2. additionally6. furthermor
8. in addition9. moreover10. nevertheless11. on the contrary13. therefore14. thus15. what's more16. yet17. despite=in spite of19. otherwise20. instead of21.alternatively 归纳用语: 1. above all2. all in all3. most importantly4. worst of all5. as a result6. briefly= in brief7. consequently8. eventually9. finally10. generally11. in conclusion12. in general13. in summary14. to end with15. to sum up表示顺序用语：1.first / second / third/ fourth…
2.first of all3.firstly / secondly / thirdly/ fourthly…4.for one thing / for another10.in the first / second / third place11.last / last of all 12.last but not least13.lastly14.next15.on the one hand/ on the other hand16.then17.to conclude19.to end with20.to start with / to begin with
表示个人观点用语：1.I think2.In my opinion3.I personally think4.I am for the opinion that5.To my knowledge6.To my understanding7.As I see it8.For my own part9. My opinion is that10. As for me11. As far as I am concerned12. From where I stand13. I believe14. I consider15. I hold the opinion16. I maintain that17. I'd like to point out that18. in my point of view19. My feeling is that20. personally I agree / disagree…表示理由用语：1. for the simple reason that2. As is the case3. As4. Because… because of5. Due to6. Owing to7. Since8. That's why…9. The point is that…10. The reason is that…预测用语：1. According to the estimate / prediction…2. Base on the estimate / prediction3. I can foresee that…4. In the long run5. It can be imagined that…6. It is assumed/ expected/ estimated that…10. It is supposed to be…
一、近义词汇：1.完全：absolute, unconditional, unlimited,complete,unrestricted,perfect, entire2.好：extraordinary, amazing, miraculous, marvelous,excellent,wonderful,fine,nice,of high quality, pleasing,surprising,agreeable3.小：small, diminutive, puny,pocket-sized,tiny4.多:enormous,large,gigantic,vast,tremendous,gargantuan,huge,immense,plenty of,a great deal of, anumberof,an amount of, a great many, a good many,many a,scores of,dozens of,a great quantity of5.高兴，快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased, pleasing, charmed, pleasant, cheerful, cheering, merry,gratified,glad,gay,agreeable,friendly,content,satisfied,light-hearted,joyful6.真的：True,truthful,veracious,faithful,accurate, loyal,honest, real, trustworthy, constant.
7.全，都:whole,entire,complete,perfect,total,the whole number of
 二、常见的连接词:表示开场to begin with , in the first place , in general , generally speaking表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to conclude , in conclusion , finally表示举例a case in point , a good illustration/example of … is …表示原因because , since,for,the cause of,the reason for,now that表示结果as a result , as a consequence , consequently表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in common , in the same way表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , however表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actually表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but , yet
 三、写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结
1.“启”at first 首先at present 现在；当今currently 现在；最近first 首先；第一first of all 首先firstly 首先2.“承”to start with 首先；第一after 此后after a few days 几天之后after a while 过了一会儿also 并且at any rate 无论如何at the same time 同时besides(this) 此外3.“转”after all 毕竟all the same 虽然；但是anyway 无论如何at the same time 可是conversely 相反despite 尽管，虽然4.“合”above all 最重要accordingly 于是as a consequence 因此as a result 结果as has been noted
一、用于驳性和比较性论文 1. In general, I don’t agree with2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold 3. The chief reason why… is that…5. It is not true that…6. It can be easily denied than…7. We have no reason to believe that…8. What is more serious is that…9. But it is pity that…10. Besides, we should not neglect that11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…13. Perhaps I was question why…14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but16. What seems to be the trouble is…17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…20. What these people fail to consider is that…21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too.23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.
二、用于描写图表和数据1.It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.2.There is an increase of 20% in total this year.3.It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.4.It would be expected to increase 5 times.5.The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.6.It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.7.The total number was lowered by 10%.8.It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.9.Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.10.The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.11.It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…
三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文1.Everybody knows that2.It can be easily proved that…3.It is true that4.No one can deny that5.One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is6.The chief reason is that7.We must recognize that8.There is on doubt that9.I am of the opinion that10.This can be expressed as follows11.To take …for an example12.We have reason to believe that13.Now that we know that14.Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned15.The change in …largely results from the fact that16.There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…17.A number of factors could account for the development in…18.Perhaps the primary reason is19.It is chiefly responsible of…20.The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…21.Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that22.Sb believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…23.It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…24.Different people observes it in different ways.四、用于文章的开头1.As the proverb says…2.It goes without saying that3.Generally speaking4.It is quite clear than because5.It is often said that …6.Many people often ask such question:7. More and more people have come to realize…8.There is no doubt that9.Some people believe that10.These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?11.One great man said that…12.Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention. 13.In the past several years there has been…14.Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…15.Currently there is a widespread concern that 16.Now people in growing number are coming to realize that17.There is a general discussion today about the issue of 18.Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.五、用于文章的结尾1.from this point of view…2.in a word…3.in conclusion…4.on account of this we can find that5.the result is dependent on…6.therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7.thus, this is the reason why we must…8. to sum up 9.as far as…be concerned, I believe that10.It is obvious that11.There is little doubt that…12.There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful13.None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.14.is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… 15.Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…六、用于论证1.As it is described that2.It has been illustrated that3.It provides a good example of…4.We may cite another instance of…5.History man provides us with the examples of…6.A number of further facts may be added…7.The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard. 8.A recent investigation indicate that9.According to the statistics provided …10.According to a latest study, it can be predicted…11.There is no sufficient evidence to show that…1、 常用开头的短语、句式（1） with the （rapidly）growing popularity of （computers/private cars） in China，the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。（2） With the （rapid）growth of （our economy/population），many problems such as （water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are beginning to surface （3）With the development of （science and technology/market economy），more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that … （4）Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures). （5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …,whereas others argue that… （6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it, First,…Second,…Finally,… (7）There are many advantages and disadvantages in(owning a car).（8）There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something （9）Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons. The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,… （10）The possible solutions of (the energy crisis/water shortages/these social problems)depend on three factors… （11）The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are…
2.常用于结尾的短语、句式 （1）It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to （2）To conclude，we can see that （the best way/the possible solution）is…（3）In short，（shortages of water，decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）。（4）In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should make great efforts to…(5）In a word ，there are three suggestions we must follow ，only in this way can we（achieve a great success）。（6）It is time for us to take an active part in…（7）Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems） 3.陈述或论证观点、看法（view，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）方法、手段、措施、步骤…（method，means，measures,step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：
（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语： There are many reasons why…;The reasons why…are as follows My opinion is that …（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语： ①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，In the first place，First of all ，To begin with，For one thing。 我的第一理由是…My first reason is that…主要因素是…The main factor is that…②第二层次（其次）Second ，Secondly，In the Second place，Next，Then，For another,另一种方法是…Another means of…is to do…第二种解决方法…the second solution is that…③第三层次（第三点）Third，a thirdly，besides，in addition，furthermore，what is more important （3）总结性段落常用句式、词语： 最后一点last,lastly,finally,in the last place,last of all,in short,in brief 简言之in a word,in summary，to sum up,总之,in conclusion，on the whole，altogether，in all 因此， so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，for thee reasons 结果,in consequence，as a result 由此可…it will be seen from it that 如上所述，我们可以得出结…as has been said above，we can conclude/make a conclusion/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion come to a conclusion that…（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语： 然而 while ,whereas，but，however，nevertheless 尽管如此 in spite of that，despite all this 但在另一方面 but on the other hand 与…相比 in/by in comparison with…/as compare with…对比之下 by/in contrast 与…相反 as opposed to…/instead of…相反 on the contrary，instead 他们的区别如下 The differences are as follows；the differences can be described as follows A与B之间的不同在于…the differences between A and B is /lies in/exists in/consists in…；A is different from B in…
一.开头用语：1.议论论文：A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.E.As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.F.Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.2.书信：A.I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.B.I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...C.Thank you for your letter of May 5.D.How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.E.How nice to hear from you again3.口头通知或介绍情况：A.Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.B.Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.C.Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.4.演讲稿：A.Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.B.Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.二.并列用语：as well as, not only…but (also), including,A.Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.B.All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.\C.He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.He speaks not only English but also French.D.E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.三.对比用语：on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for on